Radiology Reference Values for Adults and Children

Normal

<2 mm

Benson CB, Arger PH, Bluth EI. Ultrasound, A Practical Approach to Clinical Problems. Thieme. (2000).

Normal

<5 mm

Lutz HT, Buscarini E. Who Manual of Diagnostic Ultrasound. World Health Organization (2nd edition). (2011).

Without Cholecystectomy

<6 mm

Post-Cholecystectomy

<10 mm

Trondsen E, Edwin B, Reiertsen O et-al. Prediction of common bile duct stones prior to cholecystectomy: a prospective validation of a discriminant analysis function. Arch Surg. 1998;133 (2): 162-6.

Pancreatic Head

<3 mm

Pancreatic Body And Tail

<2 mm

Edge MD, Hoteit M, Patel AP et-al. Clinical significance of main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography: single and double duct dilation. World J. Gastroenterol. 2007;13 (11): 1701-5.

Ultrasound

<6 mm

Cystic Fibrosis

<8 mm

CT

<8 mm

Rettenbacher T, Hollerweger A, Macheiner P et-al. Outer diameter of the vermiform appendix as a sign of acute appendicitis: evaluation at US. Radiology. 2001;218 (3): 757-62. Lardenoye SW, Puylaert JB, Smit MJ et-al. Appendix in children with cystic fibrosis: US features. Radiology. 2004;232 (1): 187-9.

Normal

<3 mm

Rioux M. Sonographic detection of the normal and abnormal appendix. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158 (4): 773-8.

Normal

<5 mm

Berkovich GY, Levine MS, Miller WT. CT findings in patients with esophagitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175 (5): 1431-4.

Normal

<10 mm

Tongdee R, Kongkaw L, Tongdee T. A study of wall thickness of gastric antrum: comparison among normal, benign and malignant gastric conditions on MDCT scan. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95 (11): 1441-8.

Anteroposterior

<3 mm

Macari M, Balthazar EJ. CT of bowel wall thickening: significance and pitfalls of interpretation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176 (5): 1105-16.

Normal

<10 mm

Kim S, Lee NK, Lee JW et-al. CT evaluation of the bulging papilla with endoscopic correlation. Radiographics. 27 (4): 1023-38.

Anteroposterior

<6 cm

Horton KM, Corl FM, Fishman EK. CT evaluation of the colon: inflammatory disease. Radiographics. 20 (2): 399-418.

Normal

<3-5 mm

Wiesner W, Khurana B, Ji H et-al. CT of acute bowel ischemia. Radiology. 2003;226 (3): 635-50.

Anteroposterior

<9 cm

Horton KM, Corl FM, Fishman EK. CT evaluation of the colon: inflammatory disease. Radiographics. 20 (2): 399-418.

Normal

<3 mm

Rosette JJ. Imaging in Oncological Urology. Springer. (2009).

Normal

30-60¡

Blachar A, Blank A, Gavert N et-al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery for morbid obesity: imaging of normal anatomic features and postoperative gastrointestinal complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188 (2): 472-9.

Normal

>5 mm

Blachar A, Blank A, Gavert N et-al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery for morbid obesity: imaging of normal anatomic features and postoperative gastrointestinal complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188 (2): 472-9.

0-3 months

6 cm

3-6 months

6.5 cm

6-12 months

7 cm

1-2 y/o

8 cm

2-4 y/o

9 cm

4-6 y/o

9.5 cm

6-8 y/o

10 cm

8-10 y/o

11 cm

10-12 y/o

11.5 cm

12-15 y/o

12 cm

15-20 y/o (women)

12 cm

15-20 y/o (men)

13 cm

Hosey RG, Mattacola CG, Kriss V et-al. Ultrasound assessment of spleen size in collegiate athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40 (3): 251-4. Rosenberg HK, Markowitz RI, Kolbeg H, et al. Normal splenic size in infants and children: sonographic measurements. AJR 1991; 157:119-121.

Adult

<4 cm x 10 cm

Anteroposterior · 0-1 y/o

1.2 cm

Transverse · 0-1 y/o

1.4 cm

Length · 0-1 y/o

3.4 cm

Anteroposterior · 2-5 y/o

2.3 cm

Transverse · 2-5 y/o

3.9 cm

Length · 2-5 y/o

5.2 cm

Anteroposterior · 6-8 y/o

2.4 cm

Transverse · 6-8 y/o

3.0 cm

Length · 6-8 y/o

7.4 cm

Anteroposterior · 9-11 y/o

3.2 cm

Transverse · 9-11 y/o

3.6 cm

Length · 9-11 y/o

6.5 cm

Bisset. Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound, 3/e. Elsevier India. (2008). McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. Sonography of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract. Radiology 1982; 144(4): 873-875.

Adult

<3 mm

0-1 y/o

3 mm

2-5 y/o

2 mm

6-8 y/o

3.0 mm

9-11 y/o

3.0 mm

12-16 y/o

3 mm

Majeski J. Significance of preoperative ultrasound measurement of gallbladder wall thickness. Am Surg. 2007;73 (9): 926-9.. McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. Sonography of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract. Radiology 1982; 144(4): 873-875.

0-1 y/o

2.0 mm

2-5 y/o

3.0 mm

6-8 y/o

2.0 mm

9-11 y/o

3.0 mm

12-16 y/o

4.0 mm

McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. Sonography of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract. Radiology 1982; 144(4): 873-875.

0-2 y/o

2.0 mm

2-6 y/o

4.0 mm

6-12 y/o

6.0 mm

12-14 y/o

7.0 mm

Witcombe JB, Cremin BJ. The width of the common bile duct in childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 1978;7 (3): 147-9.

Anteroposterior · Adult

<3 cm

Anteroposterior · 6 months

13.9 mm

Anteroposterior · 1 y/o

14.9 mm

Anteroposterior · 2 y/o

16.9 mm

Anteroposterior · 3 y/o

18.6 mm

Anteroposterior · 4 y/o

20.8 mm

Anteroposterior · 5 y/o

20.9 mm

Anteroposterior · 6 y/o

21.8 mm

Anteroposterior · 7 y/o

22.4 mm

Anteroposterior · 8 y/o

22.9 mm

Anteroposterior · 9 y/o

23.3 mm

Anteroposterior · 10 y/o

23.7 mm

Anteroposterior · 11 y/o

24.0 mm

Anteroposterior · 12 y/o

24.2 mm

Anteroposterior · 13 y/o

24.4 mm

Anteroposterior · 14 y/o

24.6 mm

Anteroposterior · 15 y/o

24.9 mm

Silva AC, Pimenta M, Guimares LS. Small bowel obstruction: what to look for. Radiographics. 29 (2): 423-39. Haworth EM, et al: Radiologic measurement of small bowel caliber in normal subjects according to age. Clin Radiol 18:427-431, 1967.

Normal

>1

Pochaczevsky R, Leonidas JC. The "recto-sigmoid index". A measurement for the early diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975;123 (4): 770-7.

0-15 y/o

<5 mm

Eklšf O, Gierup J. The retrorectal soft tissue space in children: normal variations and appearances in granulomatous colitis. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1970;108

Anteroposterior · Head · Adult

<3 cm

Anteroposterior · Body · Adult

<2.5 cm

Anteroposterior · Tail · Adult

<2 cm

Anteroposterior · Head · <1 month

1.4 cm

Anteroposterior · Head · 1m.-1 y/o

2.0 cm

Anteroposterior · Head · 1-5 y/o

2.0 cm

Anteroposterior · Head · 5-10 y/o

2.0 cm

Anteroposterior · Head · 10-19 y/o

2.5 cm

Anteroposterior · Body · <1 month

0.8 cm

Anteroposterior · Body · 1m.-1 y/o

1.1 cm

Anteroposterior · Body · 1-5 y/o

1.2 cm

Anteroposterior · Body · 5-10 y/o

1.3 cm

Anteroposterior · Body · 10-19 y/o

1.4 cm

Anteroposterior · Tail · <1 month

1.4 cm

Anteroposterior · Tail · 1m.- 1 y/o

1.6 cm

Anteroposterior · Tail · 1-5 y/o

2.2 cm

Anteroposterior · Tail · 5-10 y/o

2.2 cm

Anteroposterior · Tail · 10-19 y/o

2.4 cm

Kreel L, Haertel M, Katz D. Computed tomography of the normal pancreas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1977;1 (3): 290-9. Siegel MJ, Martin KW, Worthington JL. Normal and abnormal pancreas in children: US studies. Radiology. 1987;165 (1): 15-8.

Anteroposterior

<2 mm

Siegel MJ, Martin KW, Worthington JL. Normal and abnormal pancreas in children: US studies. Radiology. 1987;165 (1): 15-8.

Midclavicular · Adult

<155 mm

Midclavicular · 1-3 months

90 mm

Midclavicular · 4-6 months

95 mm

Midclavicular · 7-9 months

100 mm

Midclavicular · 1-3 y/o

105 mm

Midclavicular · 3-5 y/o

115 mm

Midclavicular · 5-7 y/o

125 mm

Midclavicular · 7-9 y/o

130 mm

Midclavicular · 9-11 y/o

135 mm

Midclavicular · 11-15 y/o

140 mm

Midclavicular · 15-17 y/o

145 mm

Tchelepi H, Ralls PW, Radin R et-al. Sonography of diffuse liver disease. J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21 (9): 1023-32. Konu_ OL, Ozdemir A, Akkaya A et-al. Normal liver, spleen, and kidney dimensions in neonates, infants, and children: evaluation with sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171 (6): 1693-8.

Maximal Size · Newborn

<3.6 cm

Length · Newborn

<5 mm

Thickness · Newborn

<5 mm

Oppenheimer DA, Carroll BA, Yousem S. Sonography of the normal neonatal adrenal gland. Radiology. 1983;146 (1): 157-60.

Muscle Thickness

<3 mm

Length

<15 mm

Iqbal CW, Rivard DC, Mortellaro VE et-al. Evaluation of ultrasonographic parameters in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis relative to patient age and size. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2012;47 (8): 1542-7.

9 days-1 month

6 mm

1-9 month

7-8 mm

10 month-7 y/o

8-11 mm

7-16 y/o

9-13 mm

Haase FR, Brenner A. Esophageal diameters at various ages. Arch Otolaryngol. 1963;77 : 119-22.

Anteroposterior

>7 cm

Weissleder R. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging. C.V. Mosby. p. 588. (2007).

Anteroposterior · Gastric

2 hours

Anteroposterior · Small Bowel

6 hours

Anteroposterior · Rectum

24 hours

Weissleder R, M.D. JW, Chen JW. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging, Expert Consult- Online and Print. Mosby Incorporated. p. 627. (2011).

Anteroposterior

<1 cm

Maxfield CM, Bartz BH, Shaffer JL. A pattern-based approach to bowel obstruction in the newborn. Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43 (3): 318-29.

Segment I (Caudate Lobe)

Located posteriorly, tucked between the IVC and the ligamentum venosum.

Segment II

The superior part of the far-left lateral liver.

Segment III

The inferior part of the left lateral liver, below Segment II.

Segment IV

The Quadrate lobe, divided into IVA (superior) and IVB (inferior), located between the left and middle hepatic veins.

Segment V

The inferior part of the right lobe, often found near the gallbladder.

Segment VI

The inferior part of the right lobe, located more posteriorly/laterally than Segment V.

Segment VII

The superior part of the posterior right lobe.

Segment VIII

The superior part of the anterior right lobe, sitting "on top" of Segment V.

No reference specified.

Lateral

<18 mm

Reed JC. Chest Radiology Plain Film Patterns and Differential Diagnoses, E-Book. Mosby. (2010).

Posteroanterior

<16 mm

Reed JC. Chest Radiology Plain Film Patterns and Differential Diagnoses, E-Book. Mosby. (2010).

Lateral

<3 mm

Coche EE. Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging, Comparative Interpretation of Ct and Standard Radiography of the Chest. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 113 (2011).

Lateral

<2.5 mm

Coche EE. Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging, Comparative Interpretation of Ct and Standard Radiography of the Chest. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 113 (2011).

Lateral

<2.5 cm

Simon G, Pride NB, Jones NL et-al. Relation between abnormalities in the chest radiograph and changes in pulmonary function in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Thorax. 1973;28 (1): 15-23.

Posteroanterior

<1.5 cm

M.D. JC, Stern EJ. Chest Radiology, The Essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2008).

Lateral

<5.5 mm

Coche EE. Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging, Comparative Interpretation of Ct and Standard Radiography of the Chest. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 113 (2011).

Posteroanterior

<1 mm

Gibbs JM, Chandrasekhar CA, Ferguson EC et-al. Lines and stripes: where did they go? - From conventional radiography to CT. Radiographics. 27 (1): 33-48.

Posteroanterior

<1 mm

Gibbs JM, Chandrasekhar CA, Ferguson EC et-al. Lines and stripes: where did they go? - From conventional radiography to CT. Radiographics. 27 (1): 33-48.

Posteroanterior

<3 cm

Kwong JS, MŸller NL, Miller RR. Diseases of the trachea and main-stem bronchi: correlation of CT with pathologic findings. Radiographics. 1992;12 (4): 645-57.

Posteroanterior

<2.4 cm

Kwong JS, MŸller NL, Miller RR. Diseases of the trachea and main-stem bronchi: correlation of CT with pathologic findings. Radiographics. 1992;12 (4): 645-57.

Posteroanterior

<2.3 cm

Kwong JS, Muller NL, Miller RR. Diseases of the trachea and main-stem bronchi: correlation of CT with pathologic findings. Radiographics. 1992;12 (4): 645-57.

Posteroanterior

40-80¡

Haskin PH, Goodman LR. Normal tracheal bifurcation angle: a reassessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139 (5): 879-82.

Normal

>0.6

Brant WE, M.D. CA. Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology. LWW. (2012).

Posteroanterior

< 4mm

Brant WE, M.D. CA. Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology. LWW. (2012).

Posteroanterior

<4.5 mm

Shields TW, LoCicero J, M.D. CE et-al. General Thoracic Surgery: Pt. 1. The lung, pleura, diaphragm, and chest wall. Sect. I. Anatomy of the chest wall and lungs. 1. Anatomy of the thorax. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2009).

Posteroanterior

<7 cm

Brant WE, M.D. CA. Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology. LWW. (2012).

Posteroanterior

<7 mm

Heitzman ER. Radiologic appearance of the azygos vein in cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1973;47 (3): 628-34.

Axial

<2.5

Haller JA, Kramer SS, Lietman SA. Use of CT scans in selection of patients for pectus excavatum surgery: a preliminary report. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1987;22 (10): 904-6.

Posteroanterior

16 mm

Reed JC. Chest Radiology Plain Film Patterns and Differential Diagnoses, E-Book. Mosby. (2010)

Lateral

18 mm

Reed JC. Chest Radiology Plain Film Patterns and Differential Diagnoses, E-Book. Mosby. (2010)

Posteroanterior · Adult

<0.5

1-2 y/o

0.6

2-3 y/o

0.5

3-5 y/o

0.52

>5 y/o

0.5

0-3 weeks

0.65

4-7 weeks

0.7

8-23 weeks

0.67

24-47 weeks

0.66

48 weeks

0.61

Maresh MM, Washburn AH. Size of the heart in healthy children. Am J Dis Child 56:33, 1936. Weissman NJ, Adelmann GA. Cardiac Imaging Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2004).

Posteroanterior · Adult

<15 cm

Transverse · 4 y/o

71 mm

Transverse · 5 y/o

76 mm

Transverse · 6 y/o

81 mm

Transverse · 7 y/o

86 mm

Transverse · 8 y/o

91 mm

Transverse · 9 y/o

96 mm

Transverse · 10 y/o

101 mm

Transverse · 11 y/o

106 mm

Transverse · 12 y/o

111 mm

Transverse · 13 y/o

116 mm

Transverse · 14 y/o

121 mm

Transverse · 15 y/o

126 mm

Transverse · 16 y/o

130 mm

Esguerra gomez G. Importance of the relation between the anthropometric index and the transverse cardiac diameter for appraising the size of the heart. Radiology. 1951;57. Chockalingam. Cardiac X-Rays Cardiac Radiology Series. Elsevier India. (2006).

Anteroposterior · 0-10 y/o

2.52 cm

Transverse · 0-10 y/o

3.13 cm

Craniocaudal · 0-10 y/o

3.53 cm

Anteroposterior · 10-20 y/o

2.56 cm

Transverse · 10-20 y/o

3.05 cm

Craniocaudal · 10-20 y/o

4.99 cm

Francis IR, Glazer GM, Bookstein FL, Gross BH. The thymus: reexaminatinon of age-related changes in size and shape. AJR 1985; 145:249-254.

Lateral · C5 · Newborn

4.5 mm

Lateral · T1 · Newborn

3.9 mm

Lateral · T3 · Newborn

3.5 mm

Anteroposterior · C5 · Newborn

2-7 mm

Anteroposterior · T1 · Newborn

1-6 mm

Anteroposterior · T3 · Newborn

1-5 mm

Donaldson SW, Tompsett AC. Tracheal diameter in the normal newborn infant. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1952;67 (5): 785-7.

Anteroposterior

<4 mm

Savoca CJ, Brasch RC, Gooding CA et-al. The right paratracheal stripe in children. Pediatr Radiol. 1978;6 (4): 203-7.

Normal

2-8 cm

Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.

Normal

0.48-0.75

Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.

Normal

0.46-0.68

Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.

Normal

<5 mm

Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.

Body

<2-4 mm

Tail

2-5 mm

Head (Globus Major)

5-12 mm

Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.

Normal

4-5 x 2-3 x 2-2.5 cm

Middleton WD, Kurtz AB. Ultrasound: The Requesites. Mosby. p. 152 (2004)

Normal

<15-20 mL

Middleton WD, Kurtz AB. Ultrasound: The Requesites. Mosby. p. 152 (2004)

Mild Varicocele

2.5-4 mm

Mild Varicocele

2.5-4 mm

Moderate Varicocele

4-5mm

Severe Varicocele

>5 mm

Normal Size

2.2 mm

DŠhnert W. Radiology Review Manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1009 (2011)

Normal

2.8 x 2.8 x 4.8 cm

Bisset RAL, Khan AN. Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound, 3/e. Elsevier India. (2008)

Normal

30 mL

Bisset RAL, Khan AN. Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound, 3/e. Elsevier India. (2008)

Left

9.5-13.5 cm

Right

9-13 cm

Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.

Left

10.4-21.2 mm

Right

9.8-21 mm

Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.

Normal

2.6-10.6 mm

Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.

Left

7.3-32.5 mm

Right

6.1-30.9 mm

Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.

Left - Right

1.5 cm

Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.

Normal

1.8 mm ± 0.9 mm

Zelenko N, Coll D, Rosenfeld AT et-al. Normal ureter size on unenhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182 (4): 1039-41.

Normal

>0.7

Middleton WD, Kurtz AB, Hertzberg BS. Ultrasound, the requisites. Mosby Inc. p. 108 (2004).

Normal

<200 cm/s

Middleton WD, Kurtz AB, Hertzberg BS. Ultrasound, the requisites. Mosby Inc. p. 142 (2004).

Longitudinal · Newborn

6 cm

Longitudinal · 6 months

7 cm

Longitudinal · 1 y/o

8 cm

Longitudinal · 2 y/o

9 cm

Longitudinal · 3 y/o

10 cm

Longitudinal · 4 y/o

11 cm

Han BK, Babcock DS. Sonographic measurements and appearance of normal kidneys in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;145 (3): 611-6.

Width · Newborn

1.0 cm

Length · Newborn

1.5 cm

Volume · Newborn

1.14 mL

Width · 1-3 months

1.2 cm

Length · 1-3 months

2.0 cm

Volume · 1-3 months

2.01 mL

Volume · 4-6 months

1.81 mL

Length · 1-10 y/o

1.6 cm

Volume · 1-10 y/o

1.6 mL

Length · 11-12 y/o

1.9 cm

Volume · 11-12 y/o

2.0 mL

Length · 13-16 y/o

3.5 cm

Volume · 13-16 y/o

13.0 mL

Cassorla FG, Golden SM, Johnsonbaugh RE et-al. Testicular volume during early infancy. J. Pediatr. 1981;99 (5): 742-3.

Distented

<3 mm

Not Distended

<5 mm

Baxter GM, Sidhu PS. Ultrasound Of The Urogenital System. Thieme. (2006). Jequier S, Rousseau O. Sonographic measurements of the normal bladder wall in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149 (3): 563-6.

Grade 0

No dilation; the central renal sinus is bright and compact.

Grade 1

Slight dilation of the renal pelvis only; no calyces are visible.

Grade 2

Dilation of the renal pelvis and major calyces (the "trunk" and "main branches").

Grade 3

Dilation of the renal pelvis, major calyces, and minor calyces (the "tips" of the branches look rounded or "clubbed").

Grade 4

All features of Grade 3, plus visible thinning of the renal parenchyma (the outer cortex).

Timberlake, M., Herndon, C. Mild to moderate postnatal hydronephrosis—grading systems and management. Nat Rev Urol 10, 649–656 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2013.172

For Fertility

>3 mL

Premenopausal

<20 mL

Postmenopausal

<10 ml

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

>10 mL

Lass A, Skull J, Mcveigh E et-al. Measurement of ovarian volume by transvaginal sonography before ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotrophin for in-vitro fertilization can predict poor response. Hum. Reprod. 1997;12 (2): 294-7.

Length

<14 cm

Diameter

<4 mm

Reviews CT. Studyguide for Obstetrics and Gynecology by Charles RB Beckmann. Academic Internet Pub Incorporated. (2011).

Nulliparous (Premenopausal)

9 x 6 x 4 cm

Parous (Premenopausal)

10 x 6 x 5 cm

Postmenopausal

6 x 2 x 2 cm

Bradley LD, Falcone T. Hysteroscopy, Office Evaluation and Management of the Uterine Cavity. Mosby. (2009).

Premenopausal

<16 mm

Postmenopausal, Symptomatic And Without Hormonotherapy

<5 mm

Postmenopausal, Symptomatic And With Hormonotherapy

<8 mm

Postmenopausal And Asymptomatic

<11 mm

Post-Abortion

<8 mm

Nalaboff KM, Pellerito JS, Ben-levi E. Imaging the endometrium: disease and normal variants. Radiographics. 21 (6): 1409-24.

1 day-3 months

3.56 mL

4-12 months

2.71 mL

13-24 months

1.68 mL

2-12 y/o

0.9 mL

13-20 y/o

5.7 mL

Cohen HL, Shapiro MA, Mandel FS et-al. Normal ovaries in neonates and infants: a sonographic study of 77 patients 1 day to 24 months old. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160 (3): 583-6.

Length · 1-12 y/o

2.0-3.3 cm

Width · 1-12 y/o

0.5-1.0 cm

Length · 13-20 y/o

5-8 cm

Width · 13-20 y/o

1.6-3.0 cm

Sample W, Lippe B, Geypes M.Gray scale ultrasonography of the normal female pelvis. Radiology 1977; 125:477-483.

Normal

<1.5 mm

Goldfeld M, Glaser B, Nassir E et-al. CT of the ear in Pendred syndrome. Radiology. 2005;235 (2): 537-40.

Axial · Average Vertical Diameter

4 mm

Axial · Average Horizontal Diameter

10 mm

Joshi VM, Navlekar SK, Kishore GR et-al. CT and MR imaging of the inner ear and brain in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Radiographics. 32 (3): 683-98.

Axial

1-3 mm

Joshi VM, Navlekar SK, Kishore GR et-al. CT and MR imaging of the inner ear and brain in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Radiographics. 32 (3): 683-98.

Axial · Average Diameter

1.5 mm

Joshi VM, Navlekar SK, Kishore GR et-al. CT and MR imaging of the inner ear and brain in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Radiographics. 32 (3): 683-98.

Axial · Average Diameter

4-8 mm

Axial · Stenosis

<2 mm

Joshi VM, Navlekar SK, Kishore GR et-al. CT and MR imaging of the inner ear and brain in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Radiographics. 32 (3): 683-98.

Lateral · C1

4.6 mm

Lateral · C2

3.2 mm

Lateral · C3

3.4 mm

Lateral · C4

5.1 mm

Lateral · C5

14.9 mm

Lateral · C6

15.1 mm

Lateral · C7

13.9 mm

Penning L. Prevertebral hematoma in cervical spine injury: incidence and etiologic significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136 (3): 553-61.

Lateral · C1

5,6 mm

Lateral · C2

4,1 mm

Lateral · C3

4,2 mm

Lateral · C4

5,8 mm

Lateral · C5

17,1 mm

Lateral · C6

16,3 mm

Lateral · C7

14.7 mm

Penning L. Prevertebral hematoma in cervical spine injury: incidence and etiologic significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136 (3): 553-61.

Lateral · C1

3.6 mm

Lateral · C2

3.8 mm

Lateral · C3

4.1 mm

Lateral · C4

6.1 mm

Lateral · C5

15.2 mm

Lateral · C6

13.9 mm

Lateral · C7

11.9 mm

Penning L. Prevertebral hematoma in cervical spine injury: incidence and etiologic significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136 (3): 553-61.

Lateral · C1

8.5 mm

Lateral · C2

6 mm

Lateral · C3

7 mm

Lateral · C6

18 mm

Lateral · C7

18 mm

Rojas CA, Vermess D, Bertozzi JC et-al. Normal thickness and appearance of the prevertebral soft tissues on multidetector CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30 (1): 136-41.

Lateral · 0-2 y/o

7.6 mm

Lateral · 3-6 y/o

8.4 mm

Lateral · 7-15 y/o

6.8 mm

Lateral · 0-2 y/o

9 mm

Lateral · 3-6 y/o

9.8 mm

Lateral · 7-10 y/o

12.1 mm

Lateral · 11-15 y/o

14.5 mm

Vermess D, Rojas CA, Shaheen F et-al. Normal pediatric prevertebral soft-tissue thickness on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199 (1): W130-3.

Lateral · 0-1 y/o

2.0 cm

Lateral · 1-2 y/o

1.5 cm

Lateral · 2-14 y/o

1.2 cm

Hay PD, Jr. The Neck: A roentgenological study of the soft tissues: Consideration of the normal and pathological. III. Normal necks (infants and children). Ann Roentgenol Vol 9. New York: Hoever, 1930, p22.

Anteroposterior · Newborn and children

1-1.5 cm

Transverse · Newborn and children

2-3 cm

Longitudinal · Newborn and children

0.2-1.2 cm

Anteroposterior · Adolescents

2-4 cm

Transverse · Adolescents

5-8 cm

Longitudinal · Adolescents

1-2.5 cm

Sarti DA. Diagnostic Ultrasound, Text and Cases. Year Book Medical Pub. (1987), pp.608-618.

Lateral

7 mm

Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging, The Fundamentals. Saunders. p. 10 (2009).

Lateral

12 mm

Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging, The Fundamentals. Saunders. p. 20 (2009).

Porta Hepatis

<6 mm

Interaorticocaval

<10 mm

Paraaortic

<10 mm

External Iliac

<10 mm

Gastrohepatic Ligament

<10 mm

Gastroduodenal Ligament

<10 mm

Gastrosplenic Ligament

<10 mm

Mesenteric

<5 mm

Celiac

<10 mm

Perisplenic

<10 mm

Webb WR, Brant W, Major N. Fundamentals of Body Ct. Saunders. (2006).

Inguinal

<1.5 cm

Ioachim HL, Medeiros LJ. Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 173 (2009).

Perirectal

<5-8 mm

Banno T. Multislice Ct. Springer. p. 248 (2004).

Infracarenal

<15 mm

Retrocrural

<6 mm

Pretracheal

<10 mm

Aortopulmonary Window

<10 mm

Prevascular

<10 mm

Axillary

<1.5 cm

Hilar

<10 mm

Internal Mammary

<5 mm

Thymus

<1.3 cm

Webb WR, Brant W, Major N. Fundamentals of Body Ct. Saunders. (2006).

Submental (Level 1A)

10-15 mm

Submandibular (Level 1B)

10-15 mm

Superior Jugular (Level 2)

10-15 mm

Middle Jugular (Level 3)

10-15 mm

Inferior Jugular (Level 4)

10-15 mm

Posterior Triangle (Level 5)

10-15 mm

Anterior Triangle (Level 6)

10-15 mm

Hoang JK, Vanka J, Ludwig BJ et-al. Evaluation of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer with CT and MRI: tips, traps, and a systematic approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200 (1): W17-25.

Submental (Level 1A)

>15 mm

Submandibular (Level 1B)

>15 mm

Superior Jugular (Level 2)

>15 mm

Middle Jugular (Level 3)

>15 mm

Inferior Jugular (Level 4)

>15 mm

Posterior Triangle (Level 5)

>15 mm

Anterior Triangle (Level 6)

>15 mm

Hoang JK, Vanka J, Ludwig BJ et-al. Evaluation of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer with CT and MRI: tips, traps, and a systematic approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200 (1): W17-25.

Normal

70¡-140¡

Stoller DW, Tirman PF, Bredella MA. Diagnostic imaging, Orthopaedics. Amirsys Inc. p. 6(31) (2004).

Normal

55¡

NšTzli HP, Wyss TF, Stoecklin CH et-al. The contour of the femoral head-neck junction as a predictor for the risk of anterior impingement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84 (4): 556-60.

Lateral

<3 mm

Benzel EC. The Cervical Spine. LWW. (2012).

Lateral

<4.5 mm

M.D. TJ, M.D. BS, M.D. AW. Surgical Management of Spinal Deformities [With Access Code]. Saunders. (2009).

Lateral

<13¡

Berry M. Diagnostic Radiology : Neuroradiology : Head and Neck Imaging. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. (2006).

Lateral

>30 mm

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral

>22 mm

Freyschmidt J, Kšhler A, Brossmann J et-al. Freyschmidt's "Koehler. George Thieme Verlag. (2003).

Lateral

<135¡

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Odontoid

<10 mm

Greenberg MS. Handbook of Neurosurgery. Thieme. (2010).

Lateral

>150¡

Munk PL, Ryan AG. Teaching Atlas of Musculoskeletal Imaging. Thieme. (2007).

Odontoid · Distance With Atlanto-Occipital Articulation

>4 mm

Odontoid · Distance With Odontoid Process

>1 mm

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Odontoid

124-127¡

Bambakidis NC, Dickman CA. Surgery of the Craniovertebral Junction. Thieme. (2012).

Lateral

125-143¡

Menkes JH, Sarnat HB, Maria BL. Child Neurology, 7e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2006).

Lateral · Mandible - Atlas Distance

2-5 mm

Lateral · Distance Mandibule - Axis

9-12 mm

Fessler R, Sekhar L. Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques, Spine and Peripheral Nerves. TNY. (2006).

Lateral · Basion - Odontoid Distance

<12 mm

Lateral · Basion - Posterior Axial Line Distance

<12 mm

Frymoyer JW, Wiesel SW. The Adult and Pediatric Spine. (2004).

Lateral

<1

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral

<2 mm

Frymoyer JW, Wiesel SW. The Adult and Pediatric Spine. (2004).

Lateral · Difference Between Posterior And Anterior Vertebral Height

<3 mm

Benson M, Fixsen J. ChildrenÕs Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer Verlag. (2010).

Lateral · Difference Between Posterior And Anterior Vertebral Height

<3 mm

Benson M, Fixsen J. ChildrenÕs Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer Verlag. (2010).

Lateral · Difference Between Posterior And Anterior Vertebral Height

<3 mm

Benson M, Fixsen J. ChildrenÕs Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer Verlag. (2010).

Anteroposterior

<1.5 x mean interspinous distance

Benson M, Fixsen J. ChildrenÕs Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer Verlag. p. 822 (2010).

Thoracic

<10 mm

Cervical

<0.8

Lateral · Lumbosacral

<14 mm

DePalma MJ. Ispine, Evidence-Based Interventional Spine Care. Demos Medical Publishing. (2011). Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral · Thoracic

17-22 mm

Lateral · Lumbosacral

15-25 mm

M.D. DJ, Newton HB, Rae-Grant AD. The 5-Minute Neurology Consult. LWW. (2012). McLone DG. Pediatric Neurosurgery, Surgery of the Developing Nervous System. W B Saunders Company. (2001).

Normal

>2 mm

Chapman MW, Madison M. Operative orthopaedics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (1993).

Lateral

26-57¡

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral

10-15¡

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral

<3 mm

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Anteroposterior

4-5 mm

Petersson CJ, Redlund-johnell I. Joint space in normal gleno-humeral radiographs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;54 (2): 274-6.

Anteroposterior

7-11 mm

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Anteroposterior · Distance

11-13 mm

Anteroposterior · Right And Left Shoulder Difference

<5 mm

Marincek B, Dondelinger RF. Emergency Radiology, Imaging and Intervention. Springer. (2007).

Anteroposterior · Right And Left Shoulder Difference

<2-4 mm

Marincek B, Dondelinger RF. Emergency Radiology, Imaging and Intervention. Springer. (2007).

Lateral

154-178¡

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral

72-95¡

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral

72-99¡

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral

3 mm

Mšller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).

Anteroposterior

<7 mm

Saupe N, Pfirrmann CW, Schmid MR et-al. Association between rotator cuff abnormalities and reduced acromiohumeral distance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187 (2): 376-82.

Posteroanterior

72-95¡

Mšller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).

Lateral

79-94¡

Mšller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).

Posteroanterior

-2-2 mm

Cooney WP. The Wrist, Diagnosis and Operative Treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2010).

Posteroanterior

10-13 mm

Broder J. Diagnostic Imaging for the Emergency Physician, Expert Consult. Saunders. (2011).

Posteroanterior

21-25¡

Marincek B, Dondelinger RF. Emergency Radiology, Imaging and Intervention. Springer. (2007).

Lateral

2-20¡

Marincek B, Dondelinger RF. Emergency Radiology, Imaging and Intervention. Springer. (2007).

Lateral

30-60¡

Bowden G, McNally M, Thomas S et-al. Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma. Oxford University Press. (2010).

Posteroanterior

<3 mm

Bowden G, McNally M, Thomas S et-al. Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma. Oxford University Press. (2010).

Lateral

-15-15¡

Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).

Lateral

-15-15¡

Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).

Lateral

30-60¡

M.D. RS, M.D. UL. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. George Thieme Verlag. (2008).

Posteroanterior

0.51-0.57

Brown DE, Neumann RD. Orthopedic Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2004).

Posteroanterior

1.52-1.62

Brown DE, Neumann RD. Orthopedic Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2004).

Posteroanterior

0.25-0.31

Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).

Posteroanterior

0.27-0.33

Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).

Posteroanterior, Lateral

0.50-0.56

Berger RA. Hand Surgery. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2004. (2004).

Posteroanterior · Ulnar Translation

0.83-0.91

Borisch N, Lerch K, Grifka J et-al. A comparison of two indices for ulnar translation and carpal height in the rheumatoid wrist. J Hand Surg Br. 2004;29 (2): 144-7.

Posteroanterior · Carpal Height

0.62-0.66

Borisch N, Lerch K, Grifka J et-al. A comparison of two indices for ulnar translation and carpal height in the rheumatoid wrist. J Hand Surg Br. 2004;29 (2): 144-7.

Posteroanterior, Lateral

2.0-2.5 mm

Mšller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).

Posteroanterior, Lateral

1.5-2.0 mm

Mšller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).

Posteroanterior, Lateral

1-2 mm

Mšller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).

Posteroanterior, Lateral

1-2 mm

Mšller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).

Posteroanterior

>0.2

Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).

Lateral

14¡

Doyle JR. Hand And Wrist. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2006. (2006).

Posteroanterior, Lateral

1-2 mm

Mšller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).

Anteroposterior

6-11 mm

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Anteroposterior

110-140¡

Scheuer L, Black S. Developmental Juvenile Osteology. Academic Press. (2000).

Anteroposterior

25-40¡

Callaghan JJ, Rosenberg AG, Rubash HE. The Adult Hip. Philadelphia, Pa.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2007. (2007).

Anteroposterior

<60¡

Tachdjian MO. Clinical pediatric orthopedics, the art of diagnosis and principles of management. McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange. (1997).

Anteroposterior

30-50¡

Hoppenfeld S, M.D. MS. Orthopaedic Dictionary. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (1994).

Anteroposterior

75-85¡

Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).

Lateral

0.8-1.2

Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).

Lateral

0.6-1.2

Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).

Lateral

<2

Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).

Lateral

0.5-1.0

Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).

Lateral

-6-6 mm

Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).

Sunrise

126-150¡

Sanchis-Alfonso V. Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability. Springer. (2011).

Sunrise

<1.6

Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).

Lateral

<2 cm

Robinson P. Essential Radiology for Sports Medicine. Springer Science+Business Media. (2010).

Sunrise

>5 mm

Robinson P. Essential Radiology for Sports Medicine. Springer Science+Business Media. (2010).

Sunrise

20¡

Robinson P. Essential Radiology for Sports Medicine. Springer Science+Business Media. (2010).

Lateral · Ratio

>0.25

Lateral · Length

>9 cm

Escala JS, Mellado JM, Olona M et-al. Objective patellar instability: MR-based quantitative assessment of potentially associated anatomical features. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14 (3): 264-72.

Normal

>11¡

Carrillon Y, Abidi H, Dejour D et-al. Patellar instability: assessment on MR images by measuring the lateral trochlear inclination-initial experience. Radiology. 2000;216 (2): 582-5.

Normal

<0.4

Pfirrmann CW, Zanetti M, Romero J et-al. Femoral trochlear dysplasia: MR findings. Radiology. 2000;216 (3): 858-64.

Normal

>3 mm

Pfirrmann CW, Zanetti M, Romero J et-al. Femoral trochlear dysplasia: MR findings. Radiology. 2000;216 (3): 858-64.

Anteroposterior

15-20¡

Margheritini F. Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Principles and Practice. Springer. (2011).

Anteroposterior

<11¡

Levine AM, Drennan JC. Physiological bowing and tibia vara. The metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle in the measurement of bowleg deformities. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64 (8): 1158-63.

Anteroposterior

<15¡

M.D. SB. Radiology Recall, 2e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2007).

Anteroposterior

3-5 mm

Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).

Sunrise

>5 mm

Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).

Lateral

<5 mm

Pope TL, M.D. JH. Harris & Harris' The Radiology of Emergency Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2012).

Lateral

7-22¡

Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).

Anteroposterior, Mortise

92¡

Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).

Anteroposterior, Mortise

45-65¡

Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).

Anteroposterior, Mortise

43-63¡

Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).

Lateral

120-145¡

Iyer KM. Trauma Management in Orthopedics. Springer. (2012).

Lateral

25-40¡

Browner BD, Levine AM. Skeletal Trauma, Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction. W B Saunders Company. p. 2631 (2009)

Anteroposterior, Lateral

>40¡

Ebnezar J. Textbook of Orthopedics. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. (2010).

Anteroposterior

12-18¡

Banks AS. McGlamry's Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 3e. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2001. (2001).

Anteroposterior · 1St Metatarsal - 2Nd Metatarsal

<9¡

Anteroposterior · 4Th Metatarsal - 5Th Metatarsal

<8¡

Harris GF, Smith PA. Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis, Clinical Treatment and Technology. CRC Press. (2010).

Anteroposterior · 1St Metatarsal - Proximal Phalanx 1St Toe

<15¡

Anteroposterior · 5Th Metatarsal - Proximal Phalanx 5Th Toe

<10¡

Harris GF, Smith PA. Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis, Clinical Treatment and Technology. CRC Press. (2010).

Lateral

45-75¡

Castro W, Jerosch J. Examination and Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders, History - Physical Examination - Imaging Techniques - Arthroscopy. TIS. (2001).

Lateral

10-30¡

Raikin S. Adult Flatfoot, An Issue of Foot and Ankle Clinics. Saunders. (2012).

Lateral

<90¡

Banks AS. McGlamry's Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 3e. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2001. (2001).

Anteroposterior

<7¡

Gould N. Evaluation of hyperpronation and pes planus in adults. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1983;(181): 37-45.

Lateral

21¡

Davies AM, Whitehouse RW, Jenkins JP. Imaging of the foot & ankle, techniques and applications. Springer Verlag. (2003).

Lateral

21¡

Donatelli R. The biomechanics of the foot and ankle. F A Davis Co. (1996).

Lateral

130¡

Cracciolo AC. An Atlas of Foot and Ankle Surgery. CRC PressI Llc. (2005).

Lateral

120-130¡

Bouysset M. Pathologie ostŽo-articulaire du pied et de la cheville, Approche mŽdico-chirurgicale. Springer Verlag France. (2004).

Lateral

<23 mm

Reeder MM, Felson B. Reeder and Felson's Gamuts in Radiology, Comprehensive Lists of Roentgen Differential Diagnosis. Springer Verlag. (2003).

Anteroposterior, Mortise

<6 mm

DiGiovanni CW, M.d. JG. Foot and Ankle, Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics. C.V. Mosby. (2007).

Anteroposterior, Mortise

<10¡

M.D. ME. Operative Techniques in Foot and Ankle Surgery [With Access Code]. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2010).

Lateral

>10 mm

DiGiovanni CW, M.d. JG. Foot and Ankle, Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics. C.V. Mosby. (2007).

Anteroposterior, Mortise

8-15¡

Dhillon MS, Dhatt SS. First Aid & Emergency Management in Orthopedic Injuries. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. (2012).

Lateral

4-9 mm

Mantke R, Peitz U. Surgical Ultrasound, An Interdisciplinary Approach for Surgeons, Internists, and Ultrasound Technicians. TIS. (2007).

Lateral

Table

Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).

Lateral

150¡

Logan AL, Rowe LJ. The Foot and Ankle, Clinical Applications. Aspen Pub. (1995).

Anteroposterior, Lateral

2.0-2.5 mm

Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).

Anteroposterior, Lateral

2.0-2.5 mm

Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000) ISBN:3131646713.

Anteroposterior, Lateral

1-2 mm

Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).

Anteroposterior, Lateral

1-2 mm

Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).

Anteroposterior

>15¡

Lovell WW, Winter RB, Morrissy RT et-al. Lovell & Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1297. (2006).

Normal

<6 mm

Helms CA, Major NM, Anderson MW et-al. Musculoskeletal MRI. Saunders. p. 370. (2009)

Varus (Instability)

>10¡

DiGiovanni CW, M.d. JG. Foot and Ankle: Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics. Mosby Incorporated. (2007).

Anteroposterior · Varus Stress (Instability)

_ >3 mm

Berquist TH. Imaging of the Foot and Ankle. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 117 (2010).

Normal

<2 mm

Newborn

<2 mm

Rana RS, Wu JS, Eisenberg RL. Periosteal reaction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193 (4): W259-72.

Normal

<2 mm

Rana RS, Wu JS, Eisenberg RL. Periosteal reaction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193 (4): W259-72.

0-1 y/o

30-50¡

2 y/o

30¡

3-5 y/o

25¡

6-12 y/o

20¡

12-15 y/o

17¡

16-20 y/o

11¡

20 y/o

18¡

Keats TE. Atlas of roentgenographic measurement. Mosby. (1990) p. 330.

Newborn

34-40¡

Mesgarzadeh M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour A. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11 (5): 799-803.

Anteroposterior · Newborn

27-56¡

Anteroposterior · 2 y/o

26-50¡

Anteroposterior · 4 y/o

24-44¡

Anteroposterior · 4-9 y/o

15-56¡

Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.

Anteroposterior · Newborn

3¡

Anteroposterior · 2 y/o

0¡

Anteroposterior · 4 y/o

-1¡

Anteroposterior · 4-9 y/o

-10-14¡

Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.

Lateral · Newborn

20¡

Lateral · 2 y/o

13¡

Lateral · 4 y/o

10¡

Lateral · 4-9 y/o

-9-31¡

Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.

Lateral · Newborn

35-56¡

Lateral · 2 y/o

33-54¡

Lateral · 4 y/o

32-52¡

Lateral · 4-9 y/o

25-55¡

Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.

Anteroposterior · Newborn

20¡

Anteroposterior · 2 y/o

13¡

Anteroposterior · 4 y/o

10¡

Anteroposterior · 4-9 y/o

-9-31¡

Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.

Lateral · Newborn

77¡

Lateral · 2 y/o

71¡

Lateral · 4 y/o

67¡

Lateral · 4-9 y/o

56-95¡

Mesgarzadeh M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour A. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11 (5): 799-803.

Lateral · Newborn

42¡

Lateral · 2 y/o

46¡

Lateral · 4 y/o

50¡

Lateral · 4-9 y/o

25-73¡

Mesgarzadeh M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour A. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11 (5): 799-803.

Lateral · Newborn

115¡

Lateral · 2 y/o

114¡

Lateral · 4 y/o

113¡

Lateral · 4-9 y/o

86-145¡

Mesgarzadeh M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour A. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11 (5): 799-803.

Lateral · Newborn

19¡

Lateral · 2 y/o

21¡

Lateral · 4 y/o

9¡

Lateral · 4-9 y/o

-7-39¡

Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.

Lateral · Newborn

76¡

Lateral · 2 y/o

76¡

Lateral · 4 y/o

76¡

Lateral · 4-9 y/o

45-103¡

Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.

Anteroposterior · Newborn

24.0-33.6¡

Anteroposterior · 3 months

21.5-28.5¡

Anteroposterior · 6 months

19.2-27.2¡

Anteroposterior · 1 y/o

17.4-25.0¡

Anteroposterior · 2 y/o

14.0-22.0¡

Ozonoff MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology. W B Saunders Co. p. 181. (1992).

Anteroposterior · Newborn

22.0-30.8¡

Anteroposterior · 3 months

18.0-26¡

Anteroposterior · 6 months

16.6-24.0¡

Anteroposterior · 1 y/o

16.2-23.4¡

Anteroposterior · 2 y/o

15.4-22.6¡

Ozonoff MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology. W B Saunders Co. p. 181. (1992).

Coronal

>60¡

Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging. Saunders. p. 189 (2009).

Anteroposterior · 3 months

18-20¡

Anteroposterior · 2 y/o

30¡

Anteroposterior · 5-8 y/o

19¡

Anteroposterior · 9-12 y/o

25¡

Anteroposterior · 13-20 y/o

26-30¡

Ozonoff MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology. W B Saunders Co. p. 181 (1992).

Anteroposterior · 11-30 months

2.3-7.9¡

Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).

Axial

25-55¡

Shin SY, Yoon CH, Lee ES et-al. The availability of radiological measurement of tibial torsion: three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011;35 (5): 673-9.

Lateral · C3/C4

<3 mm

Weissleder R, M.D. JW, Chen JW. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging, Expert Consult- Online and Print. Mosby Incorporated. p. 625. (2011).

Normal

<2-5 mm

M.D. DM, Grossman RI. Neuroradiology, The Requisites. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2010)

Anteroposterior · <12 Years Old

<6 mm

Anteroposterior · Puberty

<10 mm

Anteroposterior · Pregnancy

<12 mm

Anteroposterior · Adult Male

<8 mm

Anteroposterior · Adult Female

<9 mm

M.D. DM, Grossman RI. Neuroradiology, The Requisites. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2010)

Normal

<3 mm

M.D. DM, Grossman RI. Neuroradiology, The Requisites. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2010)

Normal

2-10 mm

Borgersen A. Width of third ventricle. Encephalographic and morbid anatomical study. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1966;4 (6): 645-61.

Coronal · Body

10-11 mm

Coronal · Frontal Horn · Newborn

<3 mm

Goldberg BB, McGahan JP. Atlas of ultrasound measurements. Mosby Inc. (2006)

Coronal · Newborn

4 mm

Goldberg BB, McGahan JP. Atlas of ultrasound measurements. Mosby Inc. (2006)

Anteroposterior · <12 y/o

6 mm

Anteroposterior · Puberty

10 mm

Yousem DM, Grossman RI. Neuroradiology, The Requisites. Mosby. (2010).

Longitudinal

<2 mm

Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging. Saunders. p. 252 (2009).

Coronal · Light

10 mm-14 mm

Coronal · Moderate

15 mm-20 mm

Coronal · Severe

20 mm

Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging. Saunders. (2009).

Sagittal · Newborn

4 mm

Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging. Saunders. (2009).

Lateral · C2/C3

<3 mm

Weissleder R, M.D. JW, Chen JW. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging, Expert Consult- Online and Print. Mosby Incorporated. p. 625. (2011).

Normal

<5 cm

Phelan JP, Smith CV, Broussard P et-al. Amniotic fluid volume assessment with the four-quadrant technique at 36-42 weeks' gestation. J Reprod Med. 1987;32 (7): 540-2.

Normal

<2 cm

Verrotti C, Bedocchi L, Piantelli G et-al. Amniotic fluid index versus largest vertical pocket in the prediction of perinatal outcome in post-term pregnancies. Acta Biomed. 2004;75 Suppl 1 : 67-70.

Normal

>8 cm

Pri-paz S, Khalek N, Fuchs KM et-al. Maximal amniotic fluid index as a prognostic factor in pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39 (6): 648-53.

Normal

>25 cm

Pri-paz S, Khalek N, Fuchs KM et-al. Maximal amniotic fluid index as a prognostic factor in pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39 (6): 648-53.

Normal

<3 mm

Pandya PP, Kondylios A, Hilbert L et-al. Chromosomal defects and outcome in 1015 fetuses with increased nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995;5 (1): 15-9.

Normal

<6 mm

Locatelli A, Piccoli MG, Vergani P et-al. Critical appraisal of the use of nuchal fold thickness measurements for the prediction of Down syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000;182 (1 Pt 1): 192-7.

<36 Weeks

>3 cm

Naim A, Haberman S, Burgess T et-al. Changes in cervical length and the risk of preterm labor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002;186 (5): 887-9.

According To Gestational Age

Age - 30 mm

1St Trimester Craniocaudal Length

>5 mm

Cosby KS, Kendall JL. Practical Guide To Emergency Ultrasound. (2006).

Normal

75-85

Merz E. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. George Thieme Verlag. (2005).

Coronal

<10 mm

Wladimiroff JW, Eik-Nes S. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Elsevier Science Health Science Division. (2009).

<32 Weeks

<4 mm

>32 Weeks

<7 mm

Corteville JE, Gray DL, Crane JP. Congenital hydronephrosis: correlation of fetal ultrasonographic findings with infant outcome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1991;165 (2): 384-8.

Normal

>0.77

Jutur PS, Kumar CP, Goroshi S. Case report: Short rib polydactyly syndrome - type 2 (Majewski syndrome). Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010;20 (2): 138-42.

Normal

>0.77

Jutur PS, Kumar CP, Goroshi S. Case report: Short rib polydactyly syndrome - type 2 (Majewski syndrome). Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010;20 (2): 138-42.

Normal

<0.5

Gandhi JG. Fetal Cardiology for Obstetricians. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. (2007).

Normal

0.2-0.35

Gandhi JG. Fetal Cardiology for Obstetricians. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. (2007).

Normal

<2 cm

Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Recent advances in the management of placenta previa. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004;16 (6): 447-51.

Normal Position

3-5 cm above the carina

Kanzawa M, Hirai C, Morinaga Y et-al. Primary submucosal nodular plasmacytoma of the stomach: a poorly recognized variant of gastric lymphoma. Diagn Pathol. 2013;8 (1): 30.

Normal Position

3-4 cm distal of pulmonary valve

I.C.U. Chest Radiology. Wiley-Blackwell. (2011).

Normal Position

Tip in the superior vena cava

Kazerooni EA, Gross BH. Cardiopulmonary Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 257 (2004).

Normal Position

>10 cm gastroesophageal junction

Critical Care Radiology. TIS. (2010)

Normal Position

Tip at the junction of the superior vena cava - right atrium

Critical Care Radiology. TIS. (2010)

Male (Average Value)

27 ± 2.8 mm

Women (Average Value)

25.9 ± 3 mm

Upper Limit

28.6 mm

Karazincir S, Balci A, Seyfeli E et-al. CT assessment of main pulmonary artery diameter. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2008;14 (2): 72-4.

Left

21 ± 3.5 mm

Right

18.7 ± 2.8 mm

Kuriyama K, Gamsu G, Stern RG et-al. CT-determined pulmonary artery diameters in predicting pulmonary hypertension. Invest Radiol. 19 (1): 16-22.

Annulus

20-31 mm

Sinus Of Valsalva

29-45 mm

Ascending (Sinotubular And Tubular)

22-36 mm

Aortic Arch

22-36 mm

Descending (Supradiaphragmatic)

20-30 mm

Subdiaphragmatic (Suprarenal)

25 mm

Infrarenal

20 mm

Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm

30 mm

Evangelista A, Flachskampf FA, Erbel R et-al. Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11 (8): 645-58.

Axial

7.9-12.1 mm

Pedersen OM, Aslaksen A, Vik-mo H. Ultrasound measurement of the luminal diameter of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries in patients without vascular disease. J. Vasc. Surg. 1993;17 (3): 596-601.

Axial · Common

6.6-9.6 mm

Axial · Superficial

4.3-7.2 mm

Shionoya S. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Int Angiol. 6 (3): 213-21.

Axial

4.1-5.6 mm

Shionoya S. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Int Angiol. 6 (3): 213-21.

Common

89-141 cm/s

Superficial

77-108 cm/s

Shionoya S. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Int Angiol. 6 (3): 213-21.

Normal

55-82 cm/s

Shionoya S. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Int Angiol. 6 (3): 213-21.

Normal

<3 mm

Gibson RN, Gibson PR, Donlan JD et-al. Identification of a patent paraumbilical vein by using Doppler sonography: importance in the diagnosis of portal hypertension. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153 (3): 513-6.

Normal

<6 mm

Adithan S, Venkatesan B, Sundarajan E et-al. Color Doppler evaluation of left gastric vein hemodynamics in cirrhosis with portal hypertension and its correlation with esophageal varices and variceal bleed. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010;20 (4): 289-93.

Normal

20 mm

Prince MR, Novelline RA, Athanasoulis CA et-al. The diameter of the inferior vena cava and its implications for the use of vena caval filters. Radiology. 1983;149 (3): 687-9.

Adult

<13 cm

Normal

<10 mm

Hofer M. Ultrasound Teaching Manual. Thieme. p. 70 (2005).

Normal

<7 mm

Rozenblit AM, Ricci ZJ, Tuvia J et-al. Incompetent and dilated ovarian veins: a common CT finding in asymptomatic parous women. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176 (1): 119-22.

Anterior

<4 mm

Middle

<4.68 mm

Right Posterior

<2.75 mm

Left Posterior

<2.5 mm

Gabrielsen TO, Greitz T. Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1970;10 (1): 1-10.

Cervical Segment (C1)

<4.21 mm

Petrous Segment (C2)

<4.55 mm

Lacerum Segment (C3)

<5.75 mm

Cavernous Segment (C4)

<6.56 mm

Clinoid Segment (C5)

<6.63 mm

Gabrielsen TO, Greitz T. Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1970;10 (1): 1-10.

Normal

20-30 cm/s

Middleton WD, Kurtz AB, Hertzberg BS. Ultrasound, the requisites. Mosby Inc. p. 71 (2004).

Adult

<13 mm

0-1 y/o

5.0 mm

1-5 y/o

7.0 mm

5-11 y/o

9.0 mm

11-16 y/o

10.0 mm

McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. Sonography of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract. Radiology 1982; 144(4): 873-875.

Anteroposterior · 1 y/o

8 mm

Anteroposterior · 3 y/o

9 mm

Anteroposterior · 5 y/o

10 mm

Anteroposterior · 6 y/o

11 mm

Anteroposterior · 8 y/o

12 mm

Anteroposterior · 11 y/o

14 mm

Anteroposterior · 12 y/o

15 mm

Anteroposterior · 14 y/o

16 mm

Leinbach LB. Roentgenologic evaluation of normal pulmonary arteries in children. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1998;89: 995-8.

Anteroposterior · 0 - 6 months

3.5±1.3 (6.1) mm

Anteroposterior · 6 months - 2 y/o

4.1±1,0 (6.1) mm

Anteroposterior · 2 - 7 y/o

4.6±1.2 (7.0) mm

Anteroposterior · 8 - 14 y/o

5.1±1.6 (8.3) mm

Wishart DL. Normal azygos vein width in children. Radiology. 1972;104 (1): 115-8.

Normal

PSV is <125 cm/sec, no plaque or intimal thickening

<50%

PSV is <125 cm/sec, ICA/CCA PSV ratio <2.0, EDV <40 cm/sec

50-69%

PSV is 125-230 cm/sec, ICA/CCA PSV ratio of 2.0-4.0, EDV of 40-100 cm/sec

≥70%

PSV is >230 cm/sec, ICA/CCA PSV ratio >4, EDV >100 cm/sec

Near Occlusion

Variable velocity parameters which may be high, low, or undetectable.

Total Occlusion

No detectable luminal patency.

Grant E, Benson C, Moneta G et al. Carotid Artery Stenosis: Gray-Scale and Doppler US Diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference. Radiology. 2003;229(2):340-6. doi:10.1148/radiol.2292030516