Radiology Reference Values for Adults and Children
Determining whether imaging measurements are normal or abnormal is fundamental to radiology, yet memorizing thousands of reference values across all specialties for both adults and children is impossible. Radiologists need instant access to age-appropriate normal ranges without workflow interruptions.
This comprehensive radiology reference values database for adults and children provides instant access to evidence-based normal ranges organized by specialty and organ system. Easily toggle between adult and pediatric populations, quickly navigate to specific measurements, and access the age-appropriate reference data you need—without interrupting your workflow.
Radiology Reference Values
Abdomen
27 measurements
▼
Adrenal Glands
1 measurements
▼
Arm Thickness
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3 mm |
Reference
Rosette JJ. Imaging in Oncological Urology. Springer. (2009).
Biliary Tract
4 measurements
▼
Intra-Hepatic Ducts
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2 mm |
Reference
Benson CB, Arger PH, Bluth EI. Ultrasound, A Practical Approach to Clinical Problems. Thieme. (2000).
Common Hepatic Duct
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <5 mm |
Reference
Lutz HT, Buscarini E. Who Manual of Diagnostic Ultrasound. World Health Organization (2nd edition). (2011).
Common Bile Duct (Without Cholecystectomy)
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <6 mm |
Reference
Trondsen E, Edwin B, Reiertsen O et-al. Prediction of common bile duct stones prior to cholecystectomy: a prospective validation of a discriminant analysis function. Arch Surg. 1998;133 (2): 162-6.
Common Biliary Duct (Post-Cholecystectomy)
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <10 mm |
Reference
Park SM, Kim WS, Bae IH et-al. Common bile duct dilatation after cholecystectomy: a one-year prospective study. J Korean Surg Soc. 2012;83 (2): 97-101.
Colon
3 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <6 cm |
Reference
Horton KM, Corl FM, Fishman EK. CT evaluation of the colon: inflammatory disease. Radiographics. 20 (2): 399-418.
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3-5 mm |
Reference
Wiesner W, Khurana B, Ji H et-al. CT of acute bowel ischemia. Radiology. 2003;226 (3): 635-50.
Caecum
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <9 cm |
Reference
Horton KM, Corl FM, Fishman EK. CT evaluation of the colon: inflammatory disease. Radiographics. 20 (2): 399-418.
Duct Of Wirsung
2 measurements
▼
Pancreatic Head
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRICholangiography
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3 mm |
Reference
Edge MD, Hoteit M, Patel AP et-al. Clinical significance of main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography: single and double duct dilation. World J. Gastroenterol. 2007;13 (11): 1701-5.
Pancreatic Body And Tail
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRICholangiography
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2 mm |
Reference
Edge MD, Hoteit M, Patel AP et-al. Clinical significance of main pancreatic duct dilation on computed tomography: single and double duct dilation. World J. Gastroenterol. 2007;13 (11): 1701-5.
Esophagus
1 measurements
▼
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
CT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <5 mm |
Reference
Berkovich GY, Levine MS, Miller WT. CT findings in patients with esophagitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175 (5): 1431-4.
Gallbladder
2 measurements
▼
Size
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <4 cm x 10 cm |
Reference
Bisset. Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound, 3/e. Elsevier India. (2008).
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3 mm |
Reference
Majeski J. Significance of preoperative ultrasound measurement of gallbladder wall thickness. Am Surg. 2007;73 (9): 926-9.
Gastrointestinal
2 measurements
▼
Phi Angle
▼
Modalities
FluoroscopyRadiography
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 30-60¡ |
Reference
Blachar A, Blank A, Gavert N et-al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery for morbid obesity: imaging of normal anatomic features and postoperative gastrointestinal complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188 (2): 472-9.
Gastric Band
▼
Modalities
FluoroscopyRadiography
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >5 mm |
Reference
Blachar A, Blank A, Gavert N et-al. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding surgery for morbid obesity: imaging of normal anatomic features and postoperative gastrointestinal complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188 (2): 472-9.
Liver
1 measurements
▼
Midclavicular Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <15.5 cm |
Reference
Tchelepi H, Ralls PW, Radin R et-al. Sonography of diffuse liver disease. J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21 (9): 1023-32.
Pancreas
3 measurements
▼
Head
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3 cm |
Reference
Kreel L, Haertel M, Katz D. Computed tomography of the normal pancreas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1977;1 (3): 290-9.
Body
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2.5 cm |
Reference
Kreel L, Haertel M, Katz D. Computed tomography of the normal pancreas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1977;1 (3): 290-9.
Tail
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2 cm |
Reference
Kreel L, Haertel M, Katz D. Computed tomography of the normal pancreas. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1977;1 (3): 290-9.
Papilla Of Vater
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <10 mm |
Reference
Kim S, Lee NK, Lee JW et-al. CT evaluation of the bulging papilla with endoscopic correlation. Radiographics. 27 (4): 1023-38.
Small Bowel
2 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
RadiographyUltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <3 cm |
Reference
Silva AC, Pimenta M, Guimares LS. Small bowel obstruction: what to look for. Radiographics. 29 (2): 423-39.
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
RadiographyUltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <3 mm |
Reference
Macari M, Balthazar EJ. CT of bowel wall thickening: significance and pitfalls of interpretation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176 (5): 1105-16.
Spleen
1 measurements
▼
Length
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <13 cm |
Reference
Hosey RG, Mattacola CG, Kriss V et-al. Ultrasound assessment of spleen size in collegiate athletes. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40 (3): 251-4.
Stomach
1 measurements
▼
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <10 mm |
Reference
Tongdee R, Kongkaw L, Tongdee T. A study of wall thickness of gastric antrum: comparison among normal, benign and malignant gastric conditions on MDCT scan. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95 (11): 1441-8.
Vermiform Appendix
3 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <6 mm |
Reference
Rettenbacher T, Hollerweger A, Macheiner P et-al. Outer diameter of the vermiform appendix as a sign of acute appendicitis: evaluation at US. Radiology. 2001;218 (3): 757-62.
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3 mm |
Reference
Rioux M. Sonographic detection of the normal and abnormal appendix. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158 (4): 773-8.
Cystic Fibrosis
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <8 mm |
Reference
Lardenoye SW, Puylaert JB, Smit MJ et-al. Appendix in children with cystic fibrosis: US features. Radiology. 2004;232 (1): 187-9.
Cardiothoracic
24 measurements
▼
Aortic Nipple
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <4.5 mm |
Reference
Shields TW, LoCicero J, M.D. CE et-al. General Thoracic Surgery: Pt. 1. The lung, pleura, diaphragm, and chest wall. Sect. I. Anatomy of the chest wall and lungs. 1. Anatomy of the thorax. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2009).
Bronchus Intermedius
1 measurements
▼
Posterior Wall
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <3 mm |
Reference
Coche EE. Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging, Comparative Interpretation of Ct and Standard Radiography of the Chest. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 113 (2011).
Diaphragm
1 measurements
▼
Flattening
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <1.5 cm |
Reference
M.D. JC, Stern EJ. Chest Radiology, The Essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2008).
Heart
3 measurements
▼
Cardiothoracic Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <0.5 |
Reference
Weissman NJ, Adelmann GA. Cardiac Imaging Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2004).
Cardiac Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <15 cm |
Reference
Chockalingam. Cardiac X-Rays Cardiac Radiology Series. Elsevier India. (2006).
Cardiothoracic Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior (Supine) | <0.53 |
Reference
Critical Care Radiology. TIS. (2010)
Left Atrium
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <7 cm |
Reference
Brant WE, M.D. CA. Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology. LWW. (2012).
Lung
4 measurements
▼
Retrosternal Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <2.5 cm |
Reference
Simon G, Pride NB, Jones NL et-al. Relation between abnormalities in the chest radiograph and changes in pulmonary function in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Thorax. 1973;28 (1): 15-23.
Tracheoesophageal Stripe
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <5.5 mm |
Reference
Coche EE. Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging, Comparative Interpretation of Ct and Standard Radiography of the Chest. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 113 (2011).
Anterior Junction Line
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <1 mm |
Reference
Gibbs JM, Chandrasekhar CA, Ferguson EC et-al. Lines and stripes: where did they go? - From conventional radiography to CT. Radiographics. 27 (1): 33-48.
Posterior Junction Line
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <1 mm |
Reference
Gibbs JM, Chandrasekhar CA, Ferguson EC et-al. Lines and stripes: where did they go? - From conventional radiography to CT. Radiographics. 27 (1): 33-48.
Main Left Bronchus
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <2.3 cm |
Reference
Kwong JS, Mller NL, Miller RR. Diseases of the trachea and main-stem bronchi: correlation of CT with pathologic findings. Radiographics. 1992;12 (4): 645-57.
Pulmonary Artery
2 measurements
▼
Descending Right
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 16 mm |
Reference
Reed JC. Chest Radiology Plain Film Patterns and Differential Diagnoses, E-Book. Mosby. (2010)
Left
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 18 mm |
Reference
Reed JC. Chest Radiology Plain Film Patterns and Differential Diagnoses, E-Book. Mosby. (2010)
Right Main Bronchus
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <2.4 cm |
Reference
Kwong JS, Mller NL, Miller RR. Diseases of the trachea and main-stem bronchi: correlation of CT with pathologic findings. Radiographics. 1992;12 (4): 645-57.
Thorax
1 measurements
▼
Haller Index
▼
Modalities
CT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Axial | <2.5 |
Reference
Haller JA, Kramer SS, Lietman SA. Use of CT scans in selection of patients for pectus excavatum surgery: a preliminary report. J. Pediatr. Surg. 1987;22 (10): 904-6.
Trachea
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <3 cm |
Reference
Kwong JS, Mller NL, Miller RR. Diseases of the trachea and main-stem bronchi: correlation of CT with pathologic findings. Radiographics. 1992;12 (4): 645-57.
Tracheobronchial Tree
4 measurements
▼
Posterior Tracheal Wall
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <2.5 mm |
Reference
Coche EE. Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging, Comparative Interpretation of Ct and Standard Radiography of the Chest. Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 113 (2011).
Carina Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 40-80¡ |
Reference
Haskin PH, Goodman LR. Normal tracheal bifurcation angle: a reassessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139 (5): 879-82.
Trachea Coronal Diameter / Sagittal Diameter Ratio
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >0.6 |
Reference
Brant WE, M.D. CA. Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology. LWW. (2012).
Right Paratracheal Stripe
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | < 4mm |
Reference
Brant WE, M.D. CA. Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology. LWW. (2012).
Vessels
3 measurements
▼
Left Pulmonary Artery
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <18 mm |
Reference
Reed JC. Chest Radiology Plain Film Patterns and Differential Diagnoses, E-Book. Mosby. (2010).
Right Descending Pulmonary Artery
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <16 mm |
Reference
Reed JC. Chest Radiology Plain Film Patterns and Differential Diagnoses, E-Book. Mosby. (2010).
Arch Of Azygos Vein
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <7 mm |
Reference
Heitzman ER. Radiologic appearance of the azygos vein in cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1973;47 (3): 628-34.
Genitourinary
20 measurements
▼
Bladder
2 measurements
▼
Wall (Empty)
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <5 mm |
Reference
Baxter GM, Sidhu PS. Ultrasound Of The Urogenital System. Thieme. (2006).
Wall (Filled)
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 3 mm |
Reference
Baxter GM, Sidhu PS. Ultrasound Of The Urogenital System. Thieme. (2006).
Epididymis
2 measurements
▼
Resistance Index
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 0.46-0.68 |
Reference
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.
Dimension
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Body | <2-4 mm |
| Tail | 2-5 mm |
| Head (Globus Major) | 5-12 mm |
Reference
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.
Kidney
7 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Left | 9.5-13.5 cm |
| Right | 9-13 cm |
Reference
Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.
Parenchyma
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Left | 10.4-21.2 mm |
| Right | 9.8-21 mm |
Reference
Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.
Cortex Thickness
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 2.6-10.6 mm |
Reference
Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.
Pelvis
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Left | 7.3-32.5 mm |
| Right | 6.1-30.9 mm |
Reference
Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.
Maximal Diameter Discrepancy
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Left - Right | 1.5 cm |
Reference
Glodny, B. et al. Normal kidney size and its influencing factors - a 64-slice MDCT study of 1.040 asymptomatic patients. BMC Urology 2009, 9:19.
Resistive Index Obstruction
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >0.7 |
Reference
Middleton WD, Kurtz AB, Hertzberg BS. Ultrasound, the requisites. Mosby Inc. p. 108 (2004).
Renal Artery Velocity
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <200 cm/s |
Reference
Middleton WD, Kurtz AB, Hertzberg BS. Ultrasound, the requisites. Mosby Inc. p. 142 (2004).
Prostate
2 measurements
▼
Dimension
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 2.8 x 2.8 x 4.8 cm |
Reference
Bisset RAL, Khan AN. Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound, 3/e. Elsevier India. (2008)
Volume
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 30 mL |
Reference
Bisset RAL, Khan AN. Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound, 3/e. Elsevier India. (2008)
Scrotum
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Thickness
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 2-8 cm |
Reference
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.
Spermatic Cord
1 measurements
▼
Veins
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Mild Varicocele | 2.5-4 mm |
| Mild Varicocele | 2.5-4 mm |
| Moderate Varicocele | 4-5mm |
| Severe Varicocele | >5 mm |
| Normal Size | 2.2 mm |
Reference
Dhnert W. Radiology Review Manual. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1009 (2011)
Testes
3 measurements
▼
Resistance Index (Arterial)
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 0.48-0.75 |
Reference
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.
Dimension
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 4-5 x 2-3 x 2-2.5 cm |
Reference
Middleton WD, Kurtz AB. Ultrasound: The Requesites. Mosby. p. 152 (2004)
Volume
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <15-20 mL |
Reference
Middleton WD, Kurtz AB. Ultrasound: The Requesites. Mosby. p. 152 (2004)
Testicular Appendix
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <5 mm |
Reference
Dogra VS, Gottlieb RH, Oka M et-al. Sonography of the scrotum. Radiology. 2003;227 (1): 18-36.
Ureter
1 measurements
▼
Average Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 1.8 mm ± 0.9 mm |
Reference
Zelenko N, Coll D, Rosenfeld AT et-al. Normal ureter size on unenhanced helical CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004;182 (4): 1039-41.
Gynecology
4 measurements
▼
Fallopian Tube
1 measurements
▼
Dimension
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRIHysterosalpingography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Length | <14 cm |
| Diameter | <4 mm |
Reference
Reviews CT. Studyguide for Obstetrics and Gynecology by Charles RB Beckmann. Academic Internet Pub Incorporated. (2011).
Ovary
1 measurements
▼
Volume
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| For Fertility | >3 mL |
| Premenopausal | <20 mL |
| Postmenopausal | <10 ml |
| Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | >10 mL |
Reference
Lass A, Skull J, Mcveigh E et-al. Measurement of ovarian volume by transvaginal sonography before ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotrophin for in-vitro fertilization can predict poor response. Hum. Reprod. 1997;12 (2): 294-7.
Uterus
2 measurements
▼
Dimension
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRIHysterosalpingography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Nulliparous (Premenopausal) | 9 x 6 x 4 cm |
| Parous (Premenopausal) | 10 x 6 x 5 cm |
| Postmenopausal | 6 x 2 x 2 cm |
Reference
Bradley LD, Falcone T. Hysteroscopy, Office Evaluation and Management of the Uterine Cavity. Mosby. (2009).
Endometrium Thickness
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Premenopausal | <16 mm |
| Postmenopausal, Symptomatic And Without Hormonotherapy | <5 mm |
| Postmenopausal, Symptomatic And With Hormonotherapy | <8 mm |
| Postmenopausal And Asymptomatic | <11 mm |
| Post-Abortion | <8 mm |
Reference
Nalaboff KM, Pellerito JS, Ben-levi E. Imaging the endometrium: disease and normal variants. Radiographics. 21 (6): 1409-24.
Head And Neck
9 measurements
▼
Internal Ear
5 measurements
▼
Vestibular Aqueduct Canal
▼
Modalities
nan
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <1.5 mm |
Reference
Goldfeld M, Glaser B, Nassir E et-al. CT of the ear in Pendred syndrome. Radiology. 2005;235 (2): 537-40.
Common Cavity
▼
Modalities
CT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Axial | Average Vertical Diameter | 4 mm |
| Axial | Average Horizontal Diameter | 10 mm |
Reference
Joshi VM, Navlekar SK, Kishore GR et-al. CT and MR imaging of the inner ear and brain in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Radiographics. 32 (3): 683-98.
Cochlear Bud
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Axial | 1-3 mm |
Reference
Joshi VM, Navlekar SK, Kishore GR et-al. CT and MR imaging of the inner ear and brain in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Radiographics. 32 (3): 683-98.
Posterior Semicircular Canal
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Axial | Average Diameter | 1.5 mm |
Reference
Joshi VM, Navlekar SK, Kishore GR et-al. CT and MR imaging of the inner ear and brain in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Radiographics. 32 (3): 683-98.
Internal Auditory Canal
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Axial | Average Diameter | 4-8 mm |
| Axial | Stenosis | <2 mm |
Reference
Joshi VM, Navlekar SK, Kishore GR et-al. CT and MR imaging of the inner ear and brain in children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Radiographics. 32 (3): 683-98.
Prevertebral Soft Tissue
4 measurements
▼
Neutral Position (Average)
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | C1 | 4.6 mm |
| Lateral | C2 | 3.2 mm |
| Lateral | C3 | 3.4 mm |
| Lateral | C4 | 5.1 mm |
| Lateral | C5 | 14.9 mm |
| Lateral | C6 | 15.1 mm |
| Lateral | C7 | 13.9 mm |
Reference
Penning L. Prevertebral hematoma in cervical spine injury: incidence and etiologic significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136 (3): 553-61.
Flexion (Average)
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | C1 | 5,6 mm |
| Lateral | C2 | 4,1 mm |
| Lateral | C3 | 4,2 mm |
| Lateral | C4 | 5,8 mm |
| Lateral | C5 | 17,1 mm |
| Lateral | C6 | 16,3 mm |
| Lateral | C7 | 14.7 mm |
Reference
Penning L. Prevertebral hematoma in cervical spine injury: incidence and etiologic significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136 (3): 553-61.
Extension (Average)
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | C1 | 3.6 mm |
| Lateral | C2 | 3.8 mm |
| Lateral | C3 | 4.1 mm |
| Lateral | C4 | 6.1 mm |
| Lateral | C5 | 15.2 mm |
| Lateral | C6 | 13.9 mm |
| Lateral | C7 | 11.9 mm |
Reference
Penning L. Prevertebral hematoma in cervical spine injury: incidence and etiologic significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1981;136 (3): 553-61.
Maximal Thickness
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | C1 | 8.5 mm |
| Lateral | C2 | 6 mm |
| Lateral | C3 | 7 mm |
| Lateral | C6 | 18 mm |
| Lateral | C7 | 18 mm |
Reference
Rojas CA, Vermess D, Bertozzi JC et-al. Normal thickness and appearance of the prevertebral soft tissues on multidetector CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30 (1): 136-41.
Lymphatics
6 measurements
▼
Abdomen
1 measurements
▼
Dimension
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Porta Hepatis | <6 mm |
| Interaorticocaval | <10 mm |
| Paraaortic | <10 mm |
| External Iliac | <10 mm |
| Gastrohepatic Ligament | <10 mm |
| Gastroduodenal Ligament | <10 mm |
| Gastrosplenic Ligament | <10 mm |
| Mesenteric | <5 mm |
| Celiac | <10 mm |
| Perisplenic | <10 mm |
Reference
Webb WR, Brant W, Major N. Fundamentals of Body Ct. Saunders. (2006).
Head And Neck
2 measurements
▼
Pathological Enlargement (Non Target)
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Submental (Level 1A) | 10-15 mm |
| Submandibular (Level 1B) | 10-15 mm |
| Superior Jugular (Level 2) | 10-15 mm |
| Middle Jugular (Level 3) | 10-15 mm |
| Inferior Jugular (Level 4) | 10-15 mm |
| Posterior Triangle (Level 5) | 10-15 mm |
| Anterior Triangle (Level 6) | 10-15 mm |
Reference
Hoang JK, Vanka J, Ludwig BJ et-al. Evaluation of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer with CT and MRI: tips, traps, and a systematic approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200 (1): W17-25.
Pathological Enlargement (Target)
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Submental (Level 1A) | >15 mm |
| Submandibular (Level 1B) | >15 mm |
| Superior Jugular (Level 2) | >15 mm |
| Middle Jugular (Level 3) | >15 mm |
| Inferior Jugular (Level 4) | >15 mm |
| Posterior Triangle (Level 5) | >15 mm |
| Anterior Triangle (Level 6) | >15 mm |
Reference
Hoang JK, Vanka J, Ludwig BJ et-al. Evaluation of cervical lymph nodes in head and neck cancer with CT and MRI: tips, traps, and a systematic approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200 (1): W17-25.
Pelvis
1 measurements
▼
Dimension
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Inguinal | <1.5 cm |
Reference
Ioachim HL, Medeiros LJ. Ioachim's Lymph Node Pathology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 173 (2009).
Rectum
1 measurements
▼
Dimension
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Perirectal | <5-8 mm |
Reference
Banno T. Multislice Ct. Springer. p. 248 (2004).
Thoracic
1 measurements
▼
Dimension
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Infracarenal | <15 mm |
| Retrocrural | <6 mm |
| Pretracheal | <10 mm |
| Aortopulmonary Window | <10 mm |
| Prevascular | <10 mm |
| Axillary | <1.5 cm |
| Hilar | <10 mm |
| Internal Mammary | <5 mm |
| Thymus | <1.3 cm |
Reference
Webb WR, Brant W, Major N. Fundamentals of Body Ct. Saunders. (2006).
Musculoskeletal
123 measurements
▼
Cervical
17 measurements
▼
Chamberlain'S Line
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <3 mm |
Reference
Benzel EC. The Cervical Spine. LWW. (2012).
Mcgregor'S Line
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <4.5 mm |
Reference
M.D. TJ, M.D. BS, M.D. AW. Surgical Management of Spinal Deformities [With Access Code]. Saunders. (2009).
Bull'S Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <13¡ |
Reference
Berry M. Diagnostic Radiology : Neuroradiology : Head and Neck Imaging. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. (2006).
Klaus Index
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | >30 mm |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Atlanto-Temporomandibular Index
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | >22 mm |
Reference
Freyschmidt J, Khler A, Brossmann J et-al. Freyschmidt's "Koehler. George Thieme Verlag. (2003).
Boogaard'S Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <135¡ |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Fischgold'S Bimastoid Line
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Odontoid | <10 mm |
Reference
Greenberg MS. Handbook of Neurosurgery. Thieme. (2010).
Wackenheim'S Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | >150¡ |
Reference
Munk PL, Ryan AG. Teaching Atlas of Musculoskeletal Imaging. Thieme. (2007).
Digastric Line
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Odontoid | Distance With Atlanto-Occipital Articulation | >4 mm |
| Odontoid | Distance With Odontoid Process | >1 mm |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Schmidt-Fischer'S Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Odontoid | 124-127¡ |
Reference
Bambakidis NC, Dickman CA. Surgery of the Craniovertebral Junction. Thieme. (2012).
Basal Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 125-143¡ |
Reference
Menkes JH, Sarnat HB, Maria BL. Child Neurology, 7e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2006).
Dublin'S Distance
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Mandible - Atlas Distance | 2-5 mm |
| Lateral | Distance Mandibule - Axis | 9-12 mm |
Reference
Fessler R, Sekhar L. Atlas of Neurosurgical Techniques, Spine and Peripheral Nerves. TNY. (2006).
Harris Line
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Basion - Odontoid Distance | <12 mm |
| Lateral | Basion - Posterior Axial Line Distance | <12 mm |
Reference
Frymoyer JW, Wiesel SW. The Adult and Pediatric Spine. (2004).
Powers Index
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <1 |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Cervical Posterior Line
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <2 mm |
Reference
Frymoyer JW, Wiesel SW. The Adult and Pediatric Spine. (2004).
Wedge Compression Fracture
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Difference Between Posterior And Anterior Vertebral Height | <3 mm |
Reference
Benson M, Fixsen J. ChildrenÕs Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer Verlag. (2010).
Interspinous Distance
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <1.5 x mean interspinous distance |
Reference
Benson M, Fixsen J. ChildrenÕs Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer Verlag. p. 822 (2010).
Elbow
4 measurements
▼
Carrying Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 154-178¡ |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Humeral Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 72-95¡ |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Ulnar Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 72-99¡ |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Elbow Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 3 mm |
Reference
Mller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).
Foot And Ankle
33 measurements
▼
Cfl/Atfl Angle
▼
Modalities
MRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 70¡-140¡ |
Reference
Stoller DW, Tirman PF, Bredella MA. Diagnostic imaging, Orthopaedics. Amirsys Inc. p. 6(31) (2004).
Johnson Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Mortise | 92¡ |
Reference
Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).
Distal Tibial Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Mortise | 45-65¡ |
Reference
Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).
Fibular Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Mortise | 43-63¡ |
Reference
Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).
Gissane Critical Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 120-145¡ |
Reference
Iyer KM. Trauma Management in Orthopedics. Springer. (2012).
BHler'S Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 25-40¡ |
Reference
Browner BD, Levine AM. Skeletal Trauma, Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction. W B Saunders Company. p. 2631 (2009)
Talo-Calcaneal Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Lateral | >40¡ |
Reference
Ebnezar J. Textbook of Orthopedics. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. (2010).
Calceneus - 2Nd Metatarsal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 12-18¡ |
Reference
Banks AS. McGlamry's Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 3e. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2001. (2001).
Intermetatarsal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 1St Metatarsal - 2Nd Metatarsal | <9¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 4Th Metatarsal - 5Th Metatarsal | <8¡ |
Reference
Harris GF, Smith PA. Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis, Clinical Treatment and Technology. CRC Press. (2010).
Metatarsophalangeal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 1St Metatarsal - Proximal Phalanx 1St Toe | <15¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 5Th Metatarsal - Proximal Phalanx 5Th Toe | <10¡ |
Reference
Harris GF, Smith PA. Foot and Ankle Motion Analysis, Clinical Treatment and Technology. CRC Press. (2010).
Fowler-Philips Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 45-75¡ |
Reference
Castro W, Jerosch J. Examination and Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders, History - Physical Examination - Imaging Techniques - Arthroscopy. TIS. (2001).
Calcaneal Pitch
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 10-30¡ |
Reference
Raikin S. Adult Flatfoot, An Issue of Foot and Ankle Clinics. Saunders. (2012).
Total Calcaneal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <90¡ |
Reference
Banks AS. McGlamry's Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 3e. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2001. (2001).
Talonavicular Coverage Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <7¡ |
Reference
Gould N. Evaluation of hyperpronation and pes planus in adults. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1983;(181): 37-45.
First Metatarsal Declination Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 21¡ |
Reference
Davies AM, Whitehouse RW, Jenkins JP. Imaging of the foot & ankle, techniques and applications. Springer Verlag. (2003).
Talus Declination Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 21¡ |
Reference
Donatelli R. The biomechanics of the foot and ankle. F A Davis Co. (1996).
Hibbs Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 130¡ |
Reference
Cracciolo AC. An Atlas of Foot and Ankle Surgery. CRC PressI Llc. (2005).
Djian-Annonier'S Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 120-130¡ |
Reference
Bouysset M. Pathologie osto-articulaire du pied et de la cheville, Approche mdico-chirurgicale. Springer Verlag France. (2004).
Heel Pad
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <23 mm |
Reference
Reeder MM, Felson B. Reeder and Felson's Gamuts in Radiology, Comprehensive Lists of Roentgen Differential Diagnosis. Springer Verlag. (2003).
Tibiofibular Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Mortise | <6 mm |
Reference
DiGiovanni CW, M.d. JG. Foot and Ankle, Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics. C.V. Mosby. (2007).
Talar Tilt
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Mortise | <10¡ |
Reference
M.D. ME. Operative Techniques in Foot and Ankle Surgery [With Access Code]. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2010).
Anterior Drawer Sign
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | >10 mm |
Reference
DiGiovanni CW, M.d. JG. Foot and Ankle, Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics. C.V. Mosby. (2007).
Talocrural Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Mortise | 8-15¡ |
Reference
Dhillon MS, Dhatt SS. First Aid & Emergency Management in Orthopedic Injuries. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. (2012).
Achilles Tendon Width
▼
Modalities
RadiographyUltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 4-9 mm |
Reference
Mantke R, Peitz U. Surgical Ultrasound, An Interdisciplinary Approach for Surgeons, Internists, and Ultrasound Technicians. TIS. (2007).
Kager'S Triangle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | Table |
Reference
Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).
Toygar'S Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 150¡ |
Reference
Logan AL, Rowe LJ. The Foot and Ankle, Clinical Applications. Aspen Pub. (1995).
Intertarsal Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Lateral | 2.0-2.5 mm |
Reference
Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).
Tarsometatarsal Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Lateral | 2.0-2.5 mm |
Reference
Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000) ISBN:3131646713.
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Lateral | 1-2 mm |
Reference
Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).
Interphalangeal Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior, Lateral | 1-2 mm |
Reference
Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).
Hallux Valgus
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | >15¡ |
Reference
Lovell WW, Winter RB, Morrissy RT et-al. Lovell & Winter's Pediatric Orthopaedics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1297. (2006).
Talar Tilt
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Varus (Instability) | >10¡ |
Reference
DiGiovanni CW, M.d. JG. Foot and Ankle: Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics. Mosby Incorporated. (2007).
Talar Dome - Tibial Plafond Distance
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Varus Stress (Instability) | _ >3 mm |
Reference
Berquist TH. Imaging of the Foot and Ankle. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 117 (2010).
Hand And Wrist
25 measurements
▼
Radioulnar Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 72-95¡ |
Reference
Mller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).
Radius Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 79-94¡ |
Reference
Mller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).
Ulnar Variance
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | -2-2 mm |
Reference
Cooney WP. The Wrist, Diagnosis and Operative Treatment. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2010).
Radial Length
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 10-13 mm |
Reference
Broder J. Diagnostic Imaging for the Emergency Physician, Expert Consult. Saunders. (2011).
Radial Inclination
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 21-25¡ |
Reference
Marincek B, Dondelinger RF. Emergency Radiology, Imaging and Intervention. Springer. (2007).
Radius Palmar Tilt
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 2-20¡ |
Reference
Marincek B, Dondelinger RF. Emergency Radiology, Imaging and Intervention. Springer. (2007).
Scapholunate Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 30-60¡ |
Reference
Bowden G, McNally M, Thomas S et-al. Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma. Oxford University Press. (2010).
Scapholunate Distance
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | <3 mm |
Reference
Bowden G, McNally M, Thomas S et-al. Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma. Oxford University Press. (2010).
Capitolunate Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | -15-15¡ |
Reference
Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).
Radiolunate Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | -15-15¡ |
Reference
Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).
Radioscaphoid Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 30-60¡ |
Reference
M.D. RS, M.D. UL. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. George Thieme Verlag. (2008).
Youm'S Index Of Carpal Height
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 0.51-0.57 |
Reference
Brown DE, Neumann RD. Orthopedic Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2004).
Nattrass'S Index Of Carpal Height
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 1.52-1.62 |
Reference
Brown DE, Neumann RD. Orthopedic Secrets. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2004).
Chamay'S Translation Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 0.25-0.31 |
Reference
Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).
Mcmurtry'S Translation Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | 0.27-0.33 |
Reference
Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).
Stahl'S Lunate Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior, Lateral | 0.50-0.56 |
Reference
Berger RA. Hand Surgery. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2004. (2004).
Bouman'S Index No 1
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | Ulnar Translation | 0.83-0.91 |
Reference
Borisch N, Lerch K, Grifka J et-al. A comparison of two indices for ulnar translation and carpal height in the rheumatoid wrist. J Hand Surg Br. 2004;29 (2): 144-7.
Bouman'S Index No 2
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | Carpal Height | 0.62-0.66 |
Reference
Borisch N, Lerch K, Grifka J et-al. A comparison of two indices for ulnar translation and carpal height in the rheumatoid wrist. J Hand Surg Br. 2004;29 (2): 144-7.
Radiocarpal Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior, Lateral | 2.0-2.5 mm |
Reference
Mller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).
Intercarpal Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior, Lateral | 1.5-2.0 mm |
Reference
Mller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).
Interphalangeal Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior, Lateral | 1-2 mm |
Reference
Mller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).
Carpometacarpal Joint
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior, Lateral | 1-2 mm |
Reference
Mller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).
Yune Soft Tissue Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior | >0.2 |
Reference
Schmitt R, Lanz U. Diagnostic Imaging of the Hand. TIS. (2008).
Lunotriquetral Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 14¡ |
Reference
Doyle JR. Hand And Wrist. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2006. (2006).
Metacarpophalangeal Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Posteroanterior, Lateral | 1-2 mm |
Reference
Mller TB. Normal Findings in Radiology. Thieme. (2000).
Hip
6 measurements
▼
Alpha Angle
▼
Modalities
MRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 55¡ |
Reference
NTzli HP, Wyss TF, Stoecklin CH et-al. The contour of the femoral head-neck junction as a predictor for the risk of anterior impingement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84 (4): 556-60.
Teardrop Distance
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 6-11 mm |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Neck Shaft Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 110-140¡ |
Reference
Scheuer L, Black S. Developmental Juvenile Osteology. Academic Press. (2000).
Wiberg Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 25-40¡ |
Reference
Callaghan JJ, Rosenberg AG, Rubash HE. The Adult Hip. Philadelphia, Pa.; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, c2007. (2007).
Hilgenreiner'S Epiphysal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <60¡ |
Reference
Tachdjian MO. Clinical pediatric orthopedics, the art of diagnosis and principles of management. McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange. (1997).
Lateral Acetabular Inclination Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 30-50¡ |
Reference
Hoppenfeld S, M.D. MS. Orthopaedic Dictionary. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (1994).
Knee
23 measurements
▼
Femoral Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 75-85¡ |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Insall-Salvati Ratio
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 0.8-1.2 |
Reference
Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).
Caton-Deschamps Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 0.6-1.2 |
Reference
Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).
Modified Insall-Salvati Ratio
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <2 |
Reference
Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).
Blackburne-Peel Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 0.5-1.0 |
Reference
Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).
Bernageau Length
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | -6-6 mm |
Reference
Biedert RM. Patellofemoral Disorders, Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiley. (2005).
Sulcus Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Sunrise | 126-150¡ |
Reference
Sanchis-Alfonso V. Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability. Springer. (2011).
Patellofemoral Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Sunrise | <1.6 |
Reference
Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).
Trochlea - Tibial Tubercle Distance
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <2 cm |
Reference
Robinson P. Essential Radiology for Sports Medicine. Springer Science+Business Media. (2010).
Femoral Intercondylar Sulcus Depth
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Sunrise | >5 mm |
Reference
Robinson P. Essential Radiology for Sports Medicine. Springer Science+Business Media. (2010).
Patellar Tilt
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Sunrise | 20¡ |
Reference
Robinson P. Essential Radiology for Sports Medicine. Springer Science+Business Media. (2010).
Patellar Nose
▼
Modalities
RadiographyMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Ratio | >0.25 |
| Lateral | Length | >9 cm |
Reference
Escala JS, Mellado JM, Olona M et-al. Objective patellar instability: MR-based quantitative assessment of potentially associated anatomical features. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006;14 (3): 264-72.
Lateral Trochlear Inclination
▼
Modalities
MRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >11¡ |
Reference
Carrillon Y, Abidi H, Dejour D et-al. Patellar instability: assessment on MR images by measuring the lateral trochlear inclination-initial experience. Radiology. 2000;216 (2): 582-5.
Trochlear Facet Asymmetry Ratio
▼
Modalities
MRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <0.4 |
Reference
Pfirrmann CW, Zanetti M, Romero J et-al. Femoral trochlear dysplasia: MR findings. Radiology. 2000;216 (3): 858-64.
Trochlear Depth
▼
Modalities
MRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >3 mm |
Reference
Pfirrmann CW, Zanetti M, Romero J et-al. Femoral trochlear dysplasia: MR findings. Radiology. 2000;216 (3): 858-64.
Quadriceps Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 15-20¡ |
Reference
Margheritini F. Orthopedic Sports Medicine, Principles and Practice. Springer. (2011).
Metaphysal - Shaft Tibia Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <11¡ |
Reference
Levine AM, Drennan JC. Physiological bowing and tibia vara. The metaphyseal-diaphyseal angle in the measurement of bowleg deformities. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64 (8): 1158-63.
Tibiofemoral Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <15¡ |
Reference
M.D. SB. Radiology Recall, 2e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2007).
Knee Joint Space
▼
Modalities
RadiographyMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 3-5 mm |
Reference
Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).
Femoropatellar Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Sunrise | >5 mm |
Reference
Moeller T. Normal Findings in Radiography. TFL. (2000).
Suprapatellar Bursa Width
▼
Modalities
MRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <5 mm |
Reference
Pope TL, M.D. JH. Harris & Harris' The Radiology of Emergency Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (2012).
Tibial Plateau Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 7-22¡ |
Reference
Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).
Posterior Cruciate Ligament
▼
Modalities
MRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <6 mm |
Reference
Helms CA, Major NM, Anderson MW et-al. Musculoskeletal MRI. Saunders. p. 370. (2009)
Lumbosacral
5 measurements
▼
Wedge Compression Fracture
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Difference Between Posterior And Anterior Vertebral Height | <3 mm |
Reference
Benson M, Fixsen J. ChildrenÕs Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer Verlag. (2010).
Lateral Recess Height
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >2 mm |
Reference
Chapman MW, Madison M. Operative orthopaedics. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. (1993).
Lumbosacral Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 26-57¡ |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Lumbosacral Disc Angle
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 10-15¡ |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Van Akkerveeken Distance
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | <3 mm |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Shoulder
5 measurements
▼
Glenohumeral Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 4-5 mm |
Reference
Petersson CJ, Redlund-johnell I. Joint space in normal gleno-humeral radiographs. Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;54 (2): 274-6.
Acromiohumeral Distance
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 7-11 mm |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Coracoclavicular Distance
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Distance | 11-13 mm |
| Anteroposterior | Right And Left Shoulder Difference | <5 mm |
Reference
Marincek B, Dondelinger RF. Emergency Radiology, Imaging and Intervention. Springer. (2007).
Acromioclavicular Joint Space
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Right And Left Shoulder Difference | <2-4 mm |
Reference
Marincek B, Dondelinger RF. Emergency Radiology, Imaging and Intervention. Springer. (2007).
Reduced Acromiohumeral Distance
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <7 mm |
Reference
Saupe N, Pfirrmann CW, Schmid MR et-al. Association between rotator cuff abnormalities and reduced acromiohumeral distance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187 (2): 376-82.
Spinal Canal
4 measurements
▼
Spinal Stenosis
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Thoracic | <10 mm |
| Cervical | <0.8 |
Reference
DePalma MJ. Ispine, Evidence-Based Interventional Spine Care. Demos Medical Publishing. (2011).
Diameter
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Thoracic | 17-22 mm |
Reference
McLone DG. Pediatric Neurosurgery, Surgery of the Developing Nervous System. W B Saunders Company. (2001).
Diameter
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Lumbosacral | 15-25 mm |
Reference
M.D. DJ, Newton HB, Rae-Grant AD. The 5-Minute Neurology Consult. LWW. (2012).
Spinal Stenosis
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Lumbosacral | <14 mm |
Reference
Yochum TR, Rowe LJ. Essentials of Skeletal Radiology. (2005).
Thoracic
1 measurements
▼
Wedge Compression Fracture
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Difference Between Posterior And Anterior Vertebral Height | <3 mm |
Reference
Benson M, Fixsen J. ChildrenÕs Orthopaedics and Fractures. Springer Verlag. (2010).
Nervous System
4 measurements
▼
Cerebellum
1 measurements
▼
Cerebellar Tonsils
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3 mm |
Reference
M.D. DM, Grossman RI. Neuroradiology, The Requisites. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2010)
Pituitary Gland
2 measurements
▼
Pituitary Stalk
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2-5 mm |
Reference
M.D. DM, Grossman RI. Neuroradiology, The Requisites. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2010)
Anterior
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <12 Years Old | <6 mm |
| Anteroposterior | Puberty | <10 mm |
| Anteroposterior | Pregnancy | <12 mm |
| Anteroposterior | Adult Male | <8 mm |
| Anteroposterior | Adult Female | <9 mm |
Reference
M.D. DM, Grossman RI. Neuroradiology, The Requisites. Elsevier Health Sciences. (2010)
Third Ventricle
1 measurements
▼
Transverse Diameter
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 2-10 mm |
Reference
Borgersen A. Width of third ventricle. Encephalographic and morbid anatomical study. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1966;4 (6): 645-61.
Obstetrics
16 measurements
▼
Abdomen
1 measurements
▼
Thorax Circumference / Abdomen Circumference Ratio
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >0.77 |
Reference
Jutur PS, Kumar CP, Goroshi S. Case report: Short rib polydactyly syndrome - type 2 (Majewski syndrome). Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010;20 (2): 138-42.
Cervix
1 measurements
▼
Length
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| <36 Weeks | >3 cm |
Reference
Naim A, Haberman S, Burgess T et-al. Changes in cervical length and the risk of preterm labor. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002;186 (5): 887-9.
Cranium
1 measurements
▼
Cephalic Index
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 75-85 |
Reference
Merz E. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. George Thieme Verlag. (2005).
Gestational Sac
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| According To Gestational Age | Age - 30 mm |
| 1St Trimester Craniocaudal Length | >5 mm |
Reference
Cosby KS, Kendall JL. Practical Guide To Emergency Ultrasound. (2006).
Kidney
1 measurements
▼
Renal Pelvis Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| <32 Weeks | <4 mm |
| >32 Weeks | <7 mm |
Reference
Corteville JE, Gray DL, Crane JP. Congenital hydronephrosis: correlation of fetal ultrasonographic findings with infant outcome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1991;165 (2): 384-8.
Lateral Ventricle
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Coronal | <10 mm |
Reference
Wladimiroff JW, Eik-Nes S. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Elsevier Science Health Science Division. (2009).
Nuchal Thickness
1 measurements
▼
Between 18-22 Weeks
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <6 mm |
Reference
Locatelli A, Piccoli MG, Vergani P et-al. Critical appraisal of the use of nuchal fold thickness measurements for the prediction of Down syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000;182 (1 Pt 1): 192-7.
Nuchal Translucency
1 measurements
▼
Between 11-14 Weeks
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3 mm |
Reference
Pandya PP, Kondylios A, Hilbert L et-al. Chromosomal defects and outcome in 1015 fetuses with increased nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995;5 (1): 15-9.
Oligohydramnios
2 measurements
▼
Amniotic Fluid Index >24 Weeks
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <5 cm |
Reference
Phelan JP, Smith CV, Broussard P et-al. Amniotic fluid volume assessment with the four-quadrant technique at 36-42 weeks' gestation. J Reprod Med. 1987;32 (7): 540-2.
Maximum Vertical Pocket >24 Weeks
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2 cm |
Reference
Verrotti C, Bedocchi L, Piantelli G et-al. Amniotic fluid index versus largest vertical pocket in the prediction of perinatal outcome in post-term pregnancies. Acta Biomed. 2004;75 Suppl 1 : 67-70.
Placenta
1 measurements
▼
Placenta Previa
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2 cm |
Reference
Bhide A, Thilaganathan B. Recent advances in the management of placenta previa. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004;16 (6): 447-51.
Polyhydramnios
2 measurements
▼
Maximum Vertical Pocket
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >8 cm |
Reference
Pri-paz S, Khalek N, Fuchs KM et-al. Maximal amniotic fluid index as a prognostic factor in pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39 (6): 648-53.
Amniotic Fluid Index
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >25 cm |
Reference
Pri-paz S, Khalek N, Fuchs KM et-al. Maximal amniotic fluid index as a prognostic factor in pregnancies complicated by polyhydramnios. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39 (6): 648-53.
Thorax
3 measurements
▼
Thorax Circumference / Abdomen Circumference Ratio
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >0.77 |
Reference
Jutur PS, Kumar CP, Goroshi S. Case report: Short rib polydactyly syndrome - type 2 (Majewski syndrome). Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010;20 (2): 138-42.
Heart Circumference / Thorax Circumference Ratio
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <0.5 |
Reference
Gandhi JG. Fetal Cardiology for Obstetricians. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. (2007).
Heart Area / Thorax Area Ratio
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 0.2-0.35 |
Reference
Gandhi JG. Fetal Cardiology for Obstetricians. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. (2007).
Tubes
5 measurements
▼
Abdomen
1 measurements
▼
Feeding Tube
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Normal Position | >10 cm gastroesophageal junction |
Reference
Critical Care Radiology. TIS. (2010)
Thorax
4 measurements
▼
Endotracheal Tube
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Normal Position | 3-5 cm above the carina |
Reference
Kanzawa M, Hirai C, Morinaga Y et-al. Primary submucosal nodular plasmacytoma of the stomach: a poorly recognized variant of gastric lymphoma. Diagn Pathol. 2013;8 (1): 30.
Swan-Ganz Catheter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Normal Position | 3-4 cm distal of pulmonary valve |
Reference
I.C.U. Chest Radiology. Wiley-Blackwell. (2011).
Picc-Line
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Normal Position | Tip in the superior vena cava |
Reference
Kazerooni EA, Gross BH. Cardiopulmonary Imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 257 (2004).
Central Venous Catheter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Normal Position | Tip at the junction of the superior vena cava - right atrium |
Reference
Critical Care Radiology. TIS. (2010)
Vascular
21 measurements
▼
Aorta
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Annulus | 20-31 mm |
| Sinus Of Valsalva | 29-45 mm |
| Ascending (Sinotubular And Tubular) | 22-36 mm |
| Aortic Arch | 22-36 mm |
| Descending (Supradiaphragmatic) | 20-30 mm |
| Subdiaphragmatic (Suprarenal) | 25 mm |
| Infrarenal | 20 mm |
| Infrarenal Aortic Aneurysm | 30 mm |
Reference
Evangelista A, Flachskampf FA, Erbel R et-al. Echocardiography in aortic diseases: EAE recommendations for clinical practice. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11 (8): 645-58.
Cerebral Artery
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Angiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anterior | <4 mm |
| Middle | <4.68 mm |
| Right Posterior | <2.75 mm |
| Left Posterior | <2.5 mm |
Reference
Gabrielsen TO, Greitz T. Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1970;10 (1): 1-10.
Femoral Artery
2 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Axial | Common | 6.6-9.6 mm |
| Axial | Superficial | 4.3-7.2 mm |
Reference
Shionoya S. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Int Angiol. 6 (3): 213-21.
Peak Systolic Velocity
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Common | 89-141 cm/s |
| Superficial | 77-108 cm/s |
Reference
Shionoya S. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Int Angiol. 6 (3): 213-21.
Iliac Artery
1 measurements
▼
Common
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Axial | 7.9-12.1 mm |
Reference
Pedersen OM, Aslaksen A, Vik-mo H. Ultrasound measurement of the luminal diameter of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries in patients without vascular disease. J. Vasc. Surg. 1993;17 (3): 596-601.
Inferior Vena Cava
1 measurements
▼
Average Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 20 mm |
Reference
Prince MR, Novelline RA, Athanasoulis CA et-al. The diameter of the inferior vena cava and its implications for the use of vena caval filters. Radiology. 1983;149 (3): 687-9.
Internal Carotid Artery
5 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Angiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Cervical Segment (C1) | <4.21 mm |
Reference
Gabrielsen TO, Greitz T. Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1970;10 (1): 1-10.
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Angiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Petrous Segment (C2) | <4.55 mm |
Reference
Gabrielsen TO, Greitz T. Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1970;10 (1): 1-10.
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Angiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lacerum Segment (C3) | <5.75 mm |
Reference
Gabrielsen TO, Greitz T. Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1970;10 (1): 1-10.
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Angiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Cavernous Segment (C4) | <6.56 mm |
Reference
Gabrielsen TO, Greitz T. Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1970;10 (1): 1-10.
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Angiography
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Clinoid Segment (C5) | <6.63 mm |
Reference
Gabrielsen TO, Greitz T. Normal size of the internal carotid, middle cerebral and anterior cerebral arteries. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1970;10 (1): 1-10.
Left Gastric Vein
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
nan
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <6 mm |
Reference
Adithan S, Venkatesan B, Sundarajan E et-al. Color Doppler evaluation of left gastric vein hemodynamics in cirrhosis with portal hypertension and its correlation with esophageal varices and variceal bleed. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2010;20 (4): 289-93.
Ovarian Vein
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <7 mm |
Reference
Rozenblit AM, Ricci ZJ, Tuvia J et-al. Incompetent and dilated ovarian veins: a common CT finding in asymptomatic parous women. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176 (1): 119-22.
Popliteal Artery
2 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Axial | 4.1-5.6 mm |
Reference
Shionoya S. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Int Angiol. 6 (3): 213-21.
Peak Systolic Velocity
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 55-82 cm/s |
Reference
Shionoya S. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques in vascular disease. Int Angiol. 6 (3): 213-21.
Portal Vein
2 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCTMRI
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <13 mm |
Reference
Weinreb J, Kumari S, Phillips G et-al. Portal vein measurements by real-time sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1982;139 (3): 497-9.
Velocity
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| 20-30 cm/s |
Reference
Middleton WD, Kurtz AB, Hertzberg BS. Ultrasound, the requisites. Mosby Inc. p. 71 (2004).
Pulmonary Artery
2 measurements
▼
Trunk
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Male (Average Value) | 27 ± 2.8 mm |
| Women (Average Value) | 25.9 ± 3 mm |
| Upper Limit | 28.6 mm |
Reference
Karazincir S, Balci A, Seyfeli E et-al. CT assessment of main pulmonary artery diameter. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2008;14 (2): 72-4.
Proximal
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Left | 21 ± 3.5 mm |
| Right | 18.7 ± 2.8 mm |
Reference
Kuriyama K, Gamsu G, Stern RG et-al. CT-determined pulmonary artery diameters in predicting pulmonary hypertension. Invest Radiol. 19 (1): 16-22.
Splenic Vein
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <10 mm |
Reference
Hofer M. Ultrasound Teaching Manual. Thieme. p. 70 (2005).
Umbilical Vein
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <3 mm |
Reference
Gibson RN, Gibson PR, Donlan JD et-al. Identification of a patent paraumbilical vein by using Doppler sonography: importance in the diagnosis of portal hypertension. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;153 (3): 513-6.
Abdomen
20 measurements
▼
Adrenal Glands
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Maximal Size | Newborn | <3.6 cm |
| Length | Newborn | <5 mm |
| Thickness | Newborn | <5 mm |
Reference
Oppenheimer DA, Carroll BA, Yousem S. Sonography of the normal neonatal adrenal gland. Radiology. 1983;146 (1): 157-60.
Colon
2 measurements
▼
Rectosigmoid Index
▼
Modalities
Barium Enema
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| >1 |
Reference
Pochaczevsky R, Leonidas JC. The "recto-sigmoid index". A measurement for the early diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975;123 (4): 770-7.
Presacral Space
▼
Modalities
Barium Enema
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 0-15 y/o | <5 mm |
Reference
Eklf O, Gierup J. The retrorectal soft tissue space in children: normal variations and appearances in granulomatous colitis. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1970;108
Common Bile Duct
2 measurements
▼
Maximal Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 0-1 y/o | 2.0 mm |
| 2-5 y/o | 3.0 mm |
| 6-8 y/o | 2.0 mm |
| 9-11 y/o | 3.0 mm |
| 12-16 y/o | 4.0 mm |
Reference
McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. Sonography of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract. Radiology 1982; 144(4): 873-875.
Maximal Diameter
▼
Modalities
Cholangiography
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 0-2 y/o | 2.0 mm |
| 2-6 y/o | 4.0 mm |
| 6-12 y/o | 6.0 mm |
| 12-14 y/o | 7.0 mm |
Reference
Witcombe JB, Cremin BJ. The width of the common bile duct in childhood. Pediatr Radiol. 1978;7 (3): 147-9.
Esophagus
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Diameter
▼
Modalities
Barium Swallow
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 9 days-1 month | 6 mm |
| 1-9 month | 7-8 mm |
| 10 month-7 y/o | 8-11 mm |
| 7-16 y/o | 9-13 mm |
Reference
Haase FR, Brenner A. Esophageal diameters at various ages. Arch Otolaryngol. 1963;77 : 119-22.
Gallbladder
2 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 0-1 y/o | 1.2 cm |
| Transverse | 0-1 y/o | 1.4 cm |
| Length | 0-1 y/o | 3.4 cm |
| Anteroposterior | 2-5 y/o | 2.3 cm |
| Transverse | 2-5 y/o | 3.9 cm |
| Length | 2-5 y/o | 5.2 cm |
| Anteroposterior | 6-8 y/o | 2.4 cm |
| Transverse | 6-8 y/o | 3.0 cm |
| Length | 6-8 y/o | 7.4 cm |
| Anteroposterior | 9-11 y/o | 3.2 cm |
| Transverse | 9-11 y/o | 3.6 cm |
| Length | 9-11 y/o | 6.5 cm |
Reference
McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. Sonography of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract. Radiology 1982; 144(4): 873-875.
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 0-1 y/o | 3 mm |
| 2-5 y/o | 2 mm |
| 6-8 y/o | 3.0 mm |
| 9-11 y/o | 3.0 mm |
| 12-16 y/o | 3 mm |
Reference
McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. Sonography of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract. Radiology 1982; 144(4): 873-875.
Gastrointestinal
2 measurements
▼
Newborn Gastrointestinal Air
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Gastric | 2 hours |
| Anteroposterior | Small Bowel | 6 hours |
| Anteroposterior | Rectum | 24 hours |
Reference
Weissleder R, M.D. JW, Chen JW. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging, Expert Consult- Online and Print. Mosby Incorporated. p. 627. (2011).
Microcolon
▼
Modalities
Barium Enema
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <1 cm |
Reference
Maxfield CM, Bartz BH, Shaffer JL. A pattern-based approach to bowel obstruction in the newborn. Pediatr Radiol. 2013;43 (3): 318-29.
Liver
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundMRICT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Midclavicular | 1-3 months | 90 mm |
| Midclavicular | 4-6 months | 95 mm |
| Midclavicular | 7-9 months | 100 mm |
| Midclavicular | 1-3 y/o | 105 mm |
| Midclavicular | 3-5 y/o | 115 mm |
| Midclavicular | 5-7 y/o | 125 mm |
| Midclavicular | 7-9 y/o | 130 mm |
| Midclavicular | 9-11 y/o | 135 mm |
| Midclavicular | 11-15 y/o | 140 mm |
| Midclavicular | 15-17 y/o | 145 mm |
Reference
Konu_ OL, Ozdemir A, Akkaya A et-al. Normal liver, spleen, and kidney dimensions in neonates, infants, and children: evaluation with sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1998;171 (6): 1693-8.
Pancreas
2 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Head | <1 month | 1.4 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Head | 1m.-1 y/o | 2.0 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Head | 1-5 y/o | 2.0 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Head | 5-10 y/o | 2.0 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Head | 10-19 y/o | 2.5 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Body | <1 month | 0.8 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Body | 1m.-1 y/o | 1.1 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Body | 1-5 y/o | 1.2 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Body | 5-10 y/o | 1.3 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Body | 10-19 y/o | 1.4 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Tail | <1 month | 1.4 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Tail | 1m.- 1 y/o | 1.6 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Tail | 1-5 y/o | 2.2 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Tail | 5-10 y/o | 2.2 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Tail | 10-19 y/o | 2.4 cm |
Reference
Siegel MJ, Martin KW, Worthington JL. Normal and abnormal pancreas in children: US studies. Radiology. 1987;165 (1): 15-8.
Wirsung Canal
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <2 mm |
Reference
Siegel MJ, Martin KW, Worthington JL. Normal and abnormal pancreas in children: US studies. Radiology. 1987;165 (1): 15-8.
Pylorus
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Muscle Thickness | <3 mm |
| Length | <15 mm |
Reference
Iqbal CW, Rivard DC, Mortellaro VE et-al. Evaluation of ultrasonographic parameters in the diagnosis of pyloric stenosis relative to patient age and size. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2012;47 (8): 1542-7.
Small Bowel
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 6 months | 13.9 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 1 y/o | 14.9 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 2 y/o | 16.9 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 3 y/o | 18.6 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 4 y/o | 20.8 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 5 y/o | 20.9 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 6 y/o | 21.8 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 7 y/o | 22.4 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 8 y/o | 22.9 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 9 y/o | 23.3 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 10 y/o | 23.7 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 11 y/o | 24.0 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 12 y/o | 24.2 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 13 y/o | 24.4 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 14 y/o | 24.6 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 15 y/o | 24.9 mm |
Reference
Haworth EM, et al: Radiologic measurement of small bowel caliber in normal subjects according to age. Clin Radiol 18:427-431, 1967.
Spleen
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundMRICT
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 0-3 months | 6 cm |
| 3-6 months | 6.5 cm |
| 6-12 months | 7 cm |
| 1-2 y/o | 8 cm |
| 2-4 y/o | 9 cm |
| 4-6 y/o | 9.5 cm |
| 6-8 y/o | 10 cm |
| 8-10 y/o | 11 cm |
| 10-12 y/o | 11.5 cm |
| 12-15 y/o | 12 cm |
| 15-20 y/o (women) | 12 cm |
| 15-20 y/o (men) | 13 cm |
Reference
Rosenberg HK, Markowitz RI, Kolbeg H, et al. Normal splenic size in infants and children: sonographic measurements. AJR 1991; 157:119-121.
Stomach
1 measurements
▼
Gastric Distension
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | >7 cm |
Reference
Weissleder R. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging. C.V. Mosby. p. 588. (2007).
Vermiform Appendix
3 measurements
▼
Maximal Diameter (Us)
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <6 mm |
Reference
Trout AT, Sanchez R, Ladino-torres MF. Reevaluating the sonographic criteria for acute appendicitis in children: a review of the literature and a retrospective analysis of 246 cases. Acad Radiol. 2012;19 (11): 1382-94.
Maximal Diameter (Ct)
▼
Modalities
CT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <8 mm |
Reference
Curtin KR, Fitzgerald SW, Nemcek AA, Hoff FL, Vogelzang RL. CT diagnosis of acute appendicitis: imaging findings. AJR 1995; 164:905-909.
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundMRICT
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2 mm |
Reference
Curtin KR, Fitzgerald SW, Nemcek AA, Hoff FL, Vogelzang RL. CT diagnosis of acute appendicitis: imaging findings. AJR 1995; 164:905-909.
Cardiothoracic
5 measurements
▼
Heart
2 measurements
▼
Cardiothoracic Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 1-2 y/o | 0.6 |
| 2-3 y/o | 0.5 |
| 3-5 y/o | 0.52 |
| >5 y/o | 0.5 |
| 0-3 weeks | 0.65 |
| 4-7 weeks | 0.7 |
| 8-23 weeks | 0.67 |
| 24-47 weeks | 0.66 |
| 48 weeks | 0.61 |
Reference
Maresh MM, Washburn AH. Size of the heart in healthy children. Am J Dis Child 56:33, 1936.
Cardiac Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Transverse | 4 y/o | 71 mm |
| Transverse | 5 y/o | 76 mm |
| Transverse | 6 y/o | 81 mm |
| Transverse | 7 y/o | 86 mm |
| Transverse | 8 y/o | 91 mm |
| Transverse | 9 y/o | 96 mm |
| Transverse | 10 y/o | 101 mm |
| Transverse | 11 y/o | 106 mm |
| Transverse | 12 y/o | 111 mm |
| Transverse | 13 y/o | 116 mm |
| Transverse | 14 y/o | 121 mm |
| Transverse | 15 y/o | 126 mm |
| Transverse | 16 y/o | 130 mm |
Reference
Esguerra gomez G. Importance of the relation between the anthropometric index and the transverse cardiac diameter for appraising the size of the heart. Radiology. 1951;57.
Right Paratracheal Stripe
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <4 mm |
Reference
Savoca CJ, Brasch RC, Gooding CA et-al. The right paratracheal stripe in children. Pediatr Radiol. 1978;6 (4): 203-7.
Thymus
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
CT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 0-10 y/o | 2.52 cm |
| Transverse | 0-10 y/o | 3.13 cm |
| Craniocaudal | 0-10 y/o | 3.53 cm |
| Anteroposterior | 10-20 y/o | 2.56 cm |
| Transverse | 10-20 y/o | 3.05 cm |
| Craniocaudal | 10-20 y/o | 4.99 cm |
Reference
Francis IR, Glazer GM, Bookstein FL, Gross BH. The thymus: reexaminatinon of age-related changes in size and shape. AJR 1985; 145:249-254.
Tracheobronchial Tree
1 measurements
▼
Trachea
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lateral | C5 | Newborn | 4.5 mm |
| Lateral | T1 | Newborn | 3.9 mm |
| Lateral | T3 | Newborn | 3.5 mm |
| Anteroposterior | C5 | Newborn | 2-7 mm |
| Anteroposterior | T1 | Newborn | 1-6 mm |
| Anteroposterior | T3 | Newborn | 1-5 mm |
Reference
Donaldson SW, Tompsett AC. Tracheal diameter in the normal newborn infant. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1952;67 (5): 785-7.
Genitourinary
3 measurements
▼
Bladder
1 measurements
▼
Wall Thickness
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundMRICT
Reference Values
| Location | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Distented | <3 mm |
| Not Distended | <4.5 mm |
Reference
Jequier S, Rousseau O. Sonographic measurements of the normal bladder wall in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;149 (3): 563-6.
Kidney
1 measurements
▼
Average Renal Diameter
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Longitudinal | Newborn | 6 cm |
| Longitudinal | 6 months | 7 cm |
| Longitudinal | 1 y/o | 8 cm |
| Longitudinal | 2 y/o | 9 cm |
| Longitudinal | 3 y/o | 10 cm |
| Longitudinal | 4 y/o | 11 cm |
Reference
Han BK, Babcock DS. Sonographic measurements and appearance of normal kidneys in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1985;145 (3): 611-6.
Testes
1 measurements
▼
Average Volume
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Width | Newborn | 1.0 cm |
| Length | Newborn | 1.5 cm |
| Volume | Newborn | 1.14 mL |
| Width | 1-3 months | 1.2 cm |
| Length | 1-3 months | 2.0 cm |
| Volume | 1-3 months | 2.01 mL |
| Volume | 4-6 months | 1.81 mL |
| Length | 1-10 y/o | 1.6 cm |
| Volume | 1-10 y/o | 1.6 mL |
| Length | 11-12 y/o | 1.9 cm |
| Volume | 11-12 y/o | 2.0 mL |
| Length | 13-16 y/o | 3.5 cm |
| Volume | 13-16 y/o | 13.0 mL |
Reference
Cassorla FG, Golden SM, Johnsonbaugh RE et-al. Testicular volume during early infancy. J. Pediatr. 1981;99 (5): 742-3.
Gynecology
2 measurements
▼
Ovary
1 measurements
▼
Average Volume
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 1 day-3 months | 3.56 mL |
| 4-12 months | 2.71 mL |
| 13-24 months | 1.68 mL |
| 2-12 y/o | 0.9 mL |
| 13-20 y/o | 5.7 mL |
Reference
Cohen HL, Shapiro MA, Mandel FS et-al. Normal ovaries in neonates and infants: a sonographic study of 77 patients 1 day to 24 months old. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;160 (3): 583-6.
Uterus
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Location | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Length | 1-12 y/o | 2.0-3.3 cm |
| Width | 1-12 y/o | 0.5-1.0 cm |
| Length | 13-20 y/o | 5-8 cm |
| Width | 13-20 y/o | 1.6-3.0 cm |
Reference
Sample W, Lippe B, Geypes M.Gray scale ultrasonography of the normal female pelvis. Radiology 1977; 125:477-483.
Head And Neck
5 measurements
▼
Adenoid
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Size
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 12 mm |
Reference
Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging, The Fundamentals. Saunders. p. 20 (2009).
Aryepiglottic Fold
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Thickness
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Lateral | 7 mm |
Reference
Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging, The Fundamentals. Saunders. p. 10 (2009).
Prevertebral Soft Tissue
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Thickness At C2
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | 0-2 y/o | 7.6 mm |
| Lateral | 3-6 y/o | 8.4 mm |
| Lateral | 7-15 y/o | 6.8 mm |
| Lateral | 0-2 y/o | 9 mm |
| Lateral | 3-6 y/o | 9.8 mm |
| Lateral | 7-10 y/o | 12.1 mm |
| Lateral | 11-15 y/o | 14.5 mm |
Reference
Vermess D, Rojas CA, Shaheen F et-al. Normal pediatric prevertebral soft-tissue thickness on MDCT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012;199 (1): W130-3.
Retrotracheal Space
1 measurements
▼
Maximal Diameter At C5
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | 0-1 y/o | 2.0 cm |
| Lateral | 1-2 y/o | 1.5 cm |
| Lateral | 2-14 y/o | 1.2 cm |
Reference
Hay PD, Jr. The Neck: A roentgenological study of the soft tissues: Consideration of the normal and pathological. III. Normal necks (infants and children). Ann Roentgenol Vol 9. New York: Hoever, 1930, p22.
Thyroid
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Newborn and children | 1-1.5 cm |
| Transverse | Newborn and children | 2-3 cm |
| Longitudinal | Newborn and children | 0.2-1.2 cm |
| Anteroposterior | Adolescents | 2-4 cm |
| Transverse | Adolescents | 5-8 cm |
| Longitudinal | Adolescents | 1-2.5 cm |
Reference
Sarti DA. Diagnostic Ultrasound, Text and Cases. Year Book Medical Pub. (1987), pp.608-618.
Musculoskeletal
21 measurements
▼
Ankle
10 measurements
▼
Talocalcaneal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Newborn | 27-56¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 2 y/o | 26-50¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 4 y/o | 24-44¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 4-9 y/o | 15-56¡ |
Reference
Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.
Calcaneal - Fifth Metatarsal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Newborn | 3¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 2 y/o | 0¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 4 y/o | -1¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 4-9 y/o | -10-14¡ |
Reference
Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.
Talocalcaneal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Newborn | 20¡ |
| Lateral | 2 y/o | 13¡ |
| Lateral | 4 y/o | 10¡ |
| Lateral | 4-9 y/o | -9-31¡ |
Reference
Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.
Talocalcaneal Angle (Maximal Dorsiflexion)
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Newborn | 35-56¡ |
| Lateral | 2 y/o | 33-54¡ |
| Lateral | 4 y/o | 32-52¡ |
| Lateral | 4-9 y/o | 25-55¡ |
Reference
Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.
Talar - 1St Metatarsal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Newborn | 20¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 2 y/o | 13¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 4 y/o | 10¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 4-9 y/o | -9-31¡ |
Reference
Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.
Tibiocalcaneal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Newborn | 77¡ |
| Lateral | 2 y/o | 71¡ |
| Lateral | 4 y/o | 67¡ |
| Lateral | 4-9 y/o | 56-95¡ |
Reference
Mesgarzadeh M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour A. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11 (5): 799-803.
Tibiocalcaneal Angle (Maximal Dorsiflexion)
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Newborn | 42¡ |
| Lateral | 2 y/o | 46¡ |
| Lateral | 4 y/o | 50¡ |
| Lateral | 4-9 y/o | 25-73¡ |
Reference
Mesgarzadeh M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour A. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11 (5): 799-803.
Tibiotalar Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Newborn | 115¡ |
| Lateral | 2 y/o | 114¡ |
| Lateral | 4 y/o | 113¡ |
| Lateral | 4-9 y/o | 86-145¡ |
Reference
Mesgarzadeh M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour A. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11 (5): 799-803.
Talar - 1St Metatarsal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Newborn | 19¡ |
| Lateral | 2 y/o | 21¡ |
| Lateral | 4 y/o | 9¡ |
| Lateral | 4-9 y/o | -7-39¡ |
Reference
Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.
Talocalcaneal Index
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | Newborn | 76¡ |
| Lateral | 2 y/o | 76¡ |
| Lateral | 4 y/o | 76¡ |
| Lateral | 4-9 y/o | 45-103¡ |
Reference
Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE et-al. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70 (3): 407-15.
Femoral Neck
2 measurements
▼
Anteversion
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCTMRI
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 0-1 y/o | 30-50¡ |
| 2 y/o | 30¡ |
| 3-5 y/o | 25¡ |
| 6-12 y/o | 20¡ |
| 12-15 y/o | 17¡ |
| 16-20 y/o | 11¡ |
| 20 y/o | 18¡ |
Reference
Keats TE. Atlas of roentgenographic measurement. Mosby. (1990) p. 330.
Torsion Angle
▼
Modalities
CT
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Newborn | 34-40¡ |
Reference
Mesgarzadeh M, Revesz G, Bonakdarpour A. Femoral neck torsion angle measurement by computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 11 (5): 799-803.
Hip
4 measurements
▼
Acetabular Angle (Girl)
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Newborn | 24.0-33.6¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 3 months | 21.5-28.5¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 6 months | 19.2-27.2¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 1 y/o | 17.4-25.0¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 2 y/o | 14.0-22.0¡ |
Reference
Ozonoff MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology. W B Saunders Co. p. 181. (1992).
Acetabular Angle (Boy)
▼
Modalities
RadiographyCT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | Newborn | 22.0-30.8¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 3 months | 18.0-26¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 6 months | 16.6-24.0¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 1 y/o | 16.2-23.4¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 2 y/o | 15.4-22.6¡ |
Reference
Ozonoff MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology. W B Saunders Co. p. 181. (1992).
Alpha Angle
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Coronal | >60¡ |
Reference
Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging. Saunders. p. 189 (2009).
Wiberg'S Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 3 months | 18-20¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 2 y/o | 30¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 5-8 y/o | 19¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 9-12 y/o | 25¡ |
| Anteroposterior | 13-20 y/o | 26-30¡ |
Reference
Ozonoff MB. Pediatric orthopedic radiology. W B Saunders Co. p. 181 (1992).
Leg
2 measurements
▼
Tibia Metaphysodiaphyseal Angle
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 11-30 months | 2.3-7.9¡ |
Reference
Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby Inc. (2001).
Tibial Torsion Angle
▼
Modalities
CTMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Axial | 25-55¡ |
Reference
Shin SY, Yoon CH, Lee ES et-al. The availability of radiological measurement of tibial torsion: three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011;35 (5): 673-9.
Physiologic Periosteal Reaction
1 measurements
▼
Physiologic Periosteal Reaction Of The Newborn
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Measurement |
|---|
| <2 mm |
Reference
Rana RS, Wu JS, Eisenberg RL. Periosteal reaction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193 (4): W259-72.
Physiologic Periosteal Reaction Of The Newborn
1 measurements
▼
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| - | <2 mm |
| Newborn | <2 mm |
Reference
Rana RS, Wu JS, Eisenberg RL. Periosteal reaction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193 (4): W259-72.
Spine
1 measurements
▼
Pseudosubluxation
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | C3/C4 | <3 mm |
Reference
Weissleder R, M.D. JW, Chen JW. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging, Expert Consult- Online and Print. Mosby Incorporated. p. 625. (2011).
Nervous System
7 measurements
▼
Pituitary Gland
1 measurements
▼
Diameter
▼
Modalities
MRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | <12 y/o | 6 mm |
| Anteroposterior | Puberty | 10 mm |
Reference
Yousem DM, Grossman RI. Neuroradiology, The Requisites. Mosby. (2010).
Spinal Canal
1 measurements
▼
Filum Terminale
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundMRI
Reference Values
| Orientation | Measurement |
|---|---|
| Longitudinal | <2 mm |
Reference
Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging. Saunders. p. 252 (2009).
Spine
1 measurements
▼
Pseudosubluxation
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Lateral | C2/C3 | <3 mm |
Reference
Weissleder R, M.D. JW, Chen JW. Primer of Diagnostic Imaging, Expert Consult- Online and Print. Mosby Incorporated. p. 625. (2011).
Ventricles
4 measurements
▼
Lateral Ventricles
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coronal | Body | - | 10-11 mm |
| Coronal | Frontal Horn | Newborn | <3 mm |
Reference
Goldberg BB, McGahan JP. Atlas of ultrasound measurements. Mosby Inc. (2006)
Third Ventricle
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Coronal | Newborn | 4 mm |
Reference
Goldberg BB, McGahan JP. Atlas of ultrasound measurements. Mosby Inc. (2006)
Ventriculomegaly Grading
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundMRICT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Coronal | Light | 10 mm-14 mm |
| Coronal | Moderate | 15 mm-20 mm |
| Coronal | Severe | 20 mm |
Reference
Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging. Saunders. (2009).
Fourth Ventricle
▼
Modalities
UltrasoundMRICT
Reference Values
| Orientation | Location | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Sagittal | Newborn | 4 mm |
Reference
Donnelly LF. Pediatric Imaging. Saunders. (2009).
Vascular
3 measurements
▼
Azygos Vein
1 measurements
▼
Arch
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 0 - 6 months | 3.5±1.3 (6.1) mm |
| Anteroposterior | 6 months - 2 y/o | 4.1±1,0 (6.1) mm |
| Anteroposterior | 2 - 7 y/o | 4.6±1.2 (7.0) mm |
| Anteroposterior | 8 - 14 y/o | 5.1±1.6 (8.3) mm |
Reference
Wishart DL. Normal azygos vein width in children. Radiology. 1972;104 (1): 115-8.
Pulmonary Artery
1 measurements
▼
Right Interlobar
▼
Modalities
Radiography
Reference Values
| Orientation | Age | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Anteroposterior | 1 y/o | 8 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 3 y/o | 9 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 5 y/o | 10 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 6 y/o | 11 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 8 y/o | 12 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 11 y/o | 14 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 12 y/o | 15 mm |
| Anteroposterior | 14 y/o | 16 mm |
Reference
Leinbach LB. Roentgenologic evaluation of normal pulmonary arteries in children. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1998;89: 995-8.
Vessels
1 measurements
▼
Portal Vein
▼
Modalities
Ultrasound
Reference Values
| Age | Measurement |
|---|---|
| 0-1 y/o | 5.0 mm |
| 1-5 y/o | 7.0 mm |
| 5-11 y/o | 9.0 mm |
| 11-16 y/o | 10.0 mm |
Reference
McGahan JP, Phillips HE, Cox KL. Sonography of the normal pediatric gallbladder and biliary tract. Radiology 1982; 144(4): 873-875.
